HST observations of chromospheric UV lines in the AGB star R Leo
The role of stellar chromospheres in the chemistry, mass loss, and evolution of cool evolved stars remains poorly understood. We present high-resolution ultraviolet spectra of the nearby Mira-type AGB star R~Leo obtained with STIS on board the \textit{Hubble Space Telescope}. We focus on two strong chromospheric diagnostics, the Mg\,\textsc{ii} h \& k resonance lines and the C\,\textsc{ii}] 2325\,Å multiplet, and model their formation with the NLTE radiative-transfer code RH using phase-dependent hydrodynamic atmospheric structures that include pulsation-driven shocks. The observed C\,\textsc{ii}] multiplet ratios imply an electron density of order $10^9\,\mathrm{cm^{-3}}$. The RH contribution functions show that the C\,\textsc{ii}] emission is strongly localized in a compact shock-heated shell at the first temperature peak of the model atmosphere, near $R\simeq1.8~R_{\rm phot}$, where $T\sim10^4$\,K and the local electron density is a few $10^8\,\mathrm{cm^{-3}}$. In contrast, the Mg\,\textsc{ii} h \& k lines probe a more extended region ($R< 16~R_{\rm phot}$), with the line cores forming at greater radial distances than the wings. The Mg\,\textsc{ii} h line is reproduced more reliably than the k line, which is more strongly affected by circumstellar and interstellar absorption. As an additional low-opacity kinematic check, the semi-forbidden Al\,\textsc{ii}] $\lambda2669$ line shows a projected stellar-rest-frame blueshift of $\sim6~{\rm km~s^{-1}}$, consistent with shock-related motions expected in Mira atmospheres. Overall, the compact C\,\textsc{ii}] formation region, the extended Mg\,\textsc{ii} contribution functions, and the strong phase dependence of the synthetic Mg\,\textsc{ii} profiles support a picture in which pulsation-driven shocks shape the ultraviolet chromospheric emission lines in Mira variable stars.