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Donald Marolf

Publications and source records attributed to Donald Marolf.

At least 181 records · Page 10Linked to original sources

Plane waves and spacelike infinity

In an earlier paper, we showed that the causal boundary of any homogeneous plane wave satisfying the null convergence condition consists of a single null curve. In Einstein-Hilbert gravity, this would include any homogeneous plane wave satisfying the weak null energy condition. For conformally flat plane waves such as the Penrose limit of $AdS_5 \times S^5$, all spacelike curves that reach infinity also end on this boundary and the completion is Hausdorff. However, the more generic case (including, e.g., the Penrose limits of $AdS_4 \times S^7$ and $AdS_7 \times S^4$) is more complicated. In one natural topology, not all spacelike curves have limit points in the causal completion, indicating the need to introduce additional points at `spacelike infinity'--the endpoints of spacelike curves. We classify the distinct ways in which spacelike curves can approach infinity, finding a {\it two}-dimensional set of distinct limits. The dimensionality of the set of points at spacelike infinity is not, however, fixed from this argument. In an alternative topology, the causal completion is already compact, but the completion is non-Hausdorff.

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Spacetime Embedding Diagrams for Spherically Symmetric Black Holes

We show that it is possible to embed the 1+1 dimensional reduction of certain spherically symmetric black hole spacetimes into 2+1 Minkowski space. The spacetimes of interest (Schwarzschild de-Sitter, Schwarzschild anti de-Sitter, and Reissner-Nordstrom near the outer horizon) represent a class of metrics whose geometries allow for such embeddings. The embedding diagrams have a dynamic character which allows one to represent the motion of test particles. We also analyze various features of the embedding construction, deriving the general conditions under which our procedure provides a smooth embedding. These conditions also yeild an embedding constant related to the surface gravity of the relevant horizon.

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Simple sufficient conditions for the generalized covariant entropy bound

The generalized covariant entropy bound is the conjecture that the entropy of the matter present on any non-expanding null hypersurface L will not exceed the difference between the areas, in Planck units, of the initial and final spatial 2-surfaces bounding L. The generalized Bekenstein bound is a special case which states that the entropy of a weakly gravitating isolated matter system will not exceed the product of its mass and its width. Here we show that both bounds can be derived directly from the following phenomenological assumptions: that entropy can be computed by integrating an entropy current which vanishes on the initial boundary and whose gradient is bounded by the energy density. Though we note that any local description of entropy has intrinsic limitations, we argue that our assumptions apply in a wide regime. We closely follow the framework of an earlier derivation, but our assumptions take a simpler form, making their validity more transparent in some examples.

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A new recipe for causal completions

We discuss the asymptotic structure of spacetimes, presenting a new construction of ideal points at infinity and introducing useful topologies on the completed space. Our construction is based on structures introduced by Geroch, Kronheimer, and Penrose and has much in common with the modifications introduced by Budic and Sachs as well as those introduced by Szabados. However, these earlier constructions defined ideal points as equivalence classes of certain past and future sets, effectively defining the completed space as a quotient. Our approach is fundamentally different as it identifies ideal points directly as appropriate pairs consisting of a (perhaps empty) future set and a (perhaps empty) past set. These future and past sets are just the future and past of the ideal point within the original spacetime. This provides our construction with useful causal properties and leads to more satisfactory results in a number of examples. We are also able to endow the completion with a topology. In fact, we introduce two topologies, which illustrate different features of the causal approach. In both topologies, the completion is the original spacetime together with endpoints for all timelike curves. We explore this procedure in several examples, and in particular for plane wave solutions, with satisfactory results.

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On the Singularity Structure and Stability of Plane Waves

We describe various aspects of plane wave backgrounds. In particular, we make explicit a simple criterion for singularity by establishing a relation between Brinkmann metric entries and diffeomorphism-invariant curvature information. We also address the stability of plane wave backgrounds by analyzing the fluctuations of generic scalar modes. We focus our attention on cases where after fixing the light-cone gauge the resulting world sheet fields appear to have negative "mass terms". We nevertheless argue that these backgrounds may be stable.

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On Fast Travel through spherically symmetric spacetimes

In a static spacetime, the Killing time can be used to measure the time required for signals or objects to propagate between two of its orbits. By further restricting to spherically symmetric cases, one obtains a natural association between these orbits and timelike lines in Minkowski space. We prove a simple theorem to the effect that in any spacetime satisfying the weak energy condition the above signaling time is, in this sense, no faster than that for a corresponding signal in Minkowski space. The theorem uses a ormalization of Killing time appropriate to an observer at infinity. We then begin an investigation of certain related but more local questions by studying particular families of spacetimes in detail. Here we are also interested in restrictions imposed by the dominant energy condition. Our examples suggest that signaling in spacetimes satisfying this stronger energy condition may be significantly slower than the fastest spacetimes satisfying only the weak energy condition.

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Plane Waves: To infinity and beyond!

We describe the asymptotic boundary of the general homogeneous plane wave spacetime, using a construction of the `points at infinity' from the causal structure of the spacetime as introduced by Geroch, Kronheimer and Penrose. We show that this construction agrees with the conformal boundary obtained by Berenstein and Nastase for the maximally supersymmetric ten-dimensional plane wave. We see in detail how the possibility to go beyond (or around) infinity arises from the structure of light cones. We also discuss the extension of the construction to time-dependent plane wave solutions, focusing on the examples obtained from the Penrose limit of Dp-branes.

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Tall tales from de Sitter space II: Field theory dualities

We consider the evolution of massive scalar fields in (asymptotically) de Sitter spacetimes of arbitrary dimension. Through the proposed dS/CFT correspondence, our analysis points to the existence of new nonlocal dualities for the Euclidean conformal field theory. A massless conformally coupled scalar field provides an example where the analysis is easily explicitly extended to 'tall' background spacetimes.

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Perfect mirrors and the self-accelerating box paradox

We consider the question raised by Unruh and Wald of whether mirrored boxes can self-accelerate in flat spacetime (the ``self-accelerating box paradox''). From the point of view of the box, which perceives the acceleration as an impressed gravitational field, this is equivalent to asking whether the box can be supported by the buoyant force arising from its immersion in a perceived bath of thermal (Unruh) radiation. The perfect mirrors we study are of the type that rely on light internal degrees of freedom which adjust to and reflect impinging radiation. We suggest that a minimum of one internal mirror degree of freedom is required for each bulk field degree of freedom reflected. A short calculation then shows that such mirrors necessarily absorb enough heat from the thermal bath that their increased mass prevents them from floating on the thermal radiation. For this type of mirror the paradox is therefore resolved. We also observe that this failure of boxes to ``float'' invalidates one of the assumptions going into the Unruh-Wald analysis of entropy balances involving boxes lowered adiabatically toward black holes. Nevertheless, their broad argument can be maintained until the box reaches a new regime in which box-antibox pairs dominate over massless fields as contributions to thermal radiation.

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Tall tales from de Sitter space I: Renormalization group flows

We study solutions of Einstein gravity coupled to a positive cosmological constant and matter, which are asymptotically de Sitter and homogeneous. Regarded as perturbations of de Sitter space, a theorem of Gao and Wald implies that generically these solutions are `tall,' meaning that the perturbed universe lives through enough conformal time for an entire spherical Cauchy surface to enter any observer's past light cone. Such observers will realize that their universe is spatially compact. An interesting fact, which we demonstrate with an explicit example, is that this Cauchy surface can have arbitrarily large volume for fixed asymptotically de Sitter behavior. Our main focus is on the implications of tall universes for the proposed dS/CFT correspondence. Particular attention is given to the associated renormalization group flows, leading to a more general de Sitter `c-theorem.' We find, as expected, that a contracting phase always represents a flow towards the infrared, while an expanding phase represents a `reverse' flow towards the ultraviolet. We also discuss the conformal diagrams for various classes of homogeneous flows.

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Relativistic quantum measurement

Does the measurement of a quantum system necessarily break Lorentz invariance? We present a simple model of a detector that measures the spacetime localization of a relativistic particle in a Lorentz invariant manner. The detector does not select a preferred Lorentz frame as a Newton-Wigner measurement would do. The result indicates that there exists a Lorentz invariant notion of quantum measurement and sheds light on the issue of the localization of a relativistic particle. The framework considered is that of single-particle mechanics as opposed to field theory. The result may be taken as support for the interpretation postulate of the spacetime-states formulation of single-particle quantum theory.

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Stringy negative-tension branes and the second law of thermodynamics

Negative energy objects generally lead to instabilities and a number of other disturbing behaviors. In particular, negative energy fluxes lead to a breakdown of the classical area theorem for black hole horizons, which can lead to violations of the second law of thermodynamics. The negative energy objects that arise in string theory involve special boundary conditions which remove the perturbative instabilities. We show that they have additional special features which allow them to evade contradiction with the second law. We identify one mechanism which applies for most orientifold planes in string theory, and distinct mechanisms for the O8-plane and the AdS soliton.

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The Past, puzzles, and promise of 6-branes

The fact that both the D6-brane and the orientifold 6-plane have smooth, horizon-free descriptions in M-theory makes them especially useful in understanding certain aspects of brane physics. We briefly review how this connection has been used to understand a number of effects, several of which are associated with the Hanany-Witten transition. One particular outcome is a "confinement mod 2" effect for zero-branes in the background of a single D8-brane. We also discuss an interesting puzzle associated with flux-expulsion from D6-branes in this context. Finally, we discuss the promise of using a similar M-theoretic description of the orientifold 6-plane to understand the consistency of stringy negative energy objects with the 2nd law of black hole thermodynamics.

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Polarization of the D0 ground state in Quantum Mechanics and Supergravity

The presence of a distant D4-brane is used to further investigate the duality between M-theory and D0-brane quantum mechanics. Although the D4-brane background fields are not strong enough to induce a classical dielectric effect in the D0 system, a polarization of the quantum mechanical ground state does result. A similar deformation arises for the bubble of normal space found near D0-branes in classical supergravity solutions. These deformations are compared and are shown to have the same structure in each case. Brief comments are included on the relation of D0-branes in this background to D0-branes as instantons in the D4-brane field theory and an appendix addresses certain infrared issues associated with 't Hooft scaling in 0+1 dimensions.

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Branes, Charge and Intersections

This is a brief summary of lectures given at the Fourth Mexican School on Gravitation and Mathematical Physics. The lectures gave an introduction to branes in eleven-dimensional supergravity and in type IIA supergravities in ten-dimensions. Charge conservation and the role of the so-called `Chern-Simons terms' were emphasized. Known exact solutions were discussed and used to provide insight into the question `Why don't fundamental strings fall off of D-branes,' which is often asked by relativists. The following is a brief overview of the lectures with an associated guide to the literature.

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T-duality and the case of the disappearing brane

When an NS5-brane crosses a D6-brane, a D4-brane is created stretching between them by the Hanany-Witten effect. However, the T-dual situation involves a Kaluza-Klein monopole crossing a D5-brane and should not result in brane creation. Thus, the newly created D4-brane disappears when T-duality is applied. The T-duality is in a direction transverse to the D4-brane so that one would naively have expected the creation of a D5-brane in the T-dual picture. This situation is investigated via the corresponding supergravity solutions and the tension with the naive result is resolved. Along the way, a differential form version of the supergravity T-duality relations is developed and some comments are made concerning the flux-expulsion properties of D6-branes.

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Black Holes and Instabilities of Negative Tension Branes

We consider the collision in 2+1 dimensions of a black hole and a negative tension brane on an orbifold. Because there is no gravitational radiation in 2+1 dimensions, the horizon area shrinks when part of the brane falls through. This provides a potential violation of the generalized second law of thermodynamics. However, tracing the details of the dynamical evolution one finds that it does not proceed from equilibrium configuration to equilibrium configuration. Instead, a catastrophic space-time singularity develops similar to the `big crunch' of $Ω>1$ FRW space-times. In the context of classical general relativity, our result demonstrates a new instability of constructions with negative tension branes.

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