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Dongxue Qu

Publications and source records attributed to Dongxue Qu.

15 recordsLinked to original sources

Consistent Gauge Conditions for Dust-Shell Dynamics in Effective Quantum Gravity

Previous analyses of shocks generated by shell-crossing singularities are affected by inappropriate gauge choices, and no systematic method is available for selecting a consistent gauge. To address this issue, we focus on the shock dynamics, which can be effectively described by a thin dust shell interacting with the surrounding dust. As a first step toward the full shell-crossing problem, we neglect this interaction and study an isolated thin shell, for which we develop a systematic method for constructing consistent gauges in generally covariant effective gravity. We apply this method to a generally covariant effective Hamiltonian model of quantum gravity characterized by a quantum parameter $\zeta$, with classical GR recovered in the limit $\zeta\to0$. In this classical limit, the resulting shell dynamics reproduces the Israel junction conditions, providing a nontrivial validation of our method, whereas for $\zeta\neq0$, it exhibits genuine quantum-gravity corrections. We also show that gauges such as the Painlev\'e-Gullstrand and Schwarzschild ones are incompatible with the presence of a dust shell when imposed on the whole spatial slice. This explains the difficulties in previous treatments. The framework developed here provides a basis for studying shell-crossing singularities and shock dynamics in generally covariant effective black-hole models.

gr-qc

Quantum induced shock dynamics in gravitational collapse: insights from effective models and numerical frameworks

We explore the formation and evolution of shock waves in spherically symmetric gravitational collapse within a Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) inspired effective framework. In this setting, the classical singularities are replaced by quantum-induced shell-crossing singularities, which are resolved through weak solutions such as shock waves. By formulating the dynamics in a generalized Painlevé--Gullstrand coordinate system, we derive a first-order partial differential equation that governs the propagation of the shock surface, while enforcing metric continuity via thin-shell junction conditions. To handle the non-trivial square-root structures and source terms that arise in these equations, we develop a novel numerical scheme capable of simulating quantum-corrected spacetime dynamics. Our results show that for small mass black holes near the Planck scale, the shock surface remains timelike and is shielded behind both inner and outer horizons. In the long-time limit, the shock accumulates the entire mass of the collapsing star. In contrast, for larger black hole masses, the shock surface develops spacelike segments, indicating a transition in the effective dynamics driven by quantum effects. The framework also reveals discontinuities in curvature invariants across the shock surface, which can be traced back to stress-energy redistributions caused by quantum effects. Overall, the proposed computational framework provides a general tool for modeling quantum-corrected gravitational collapse and offers new insights into black hole formations, singularity resolution, and the interplay between quantum geometry effects and effective spacetime structures.

gr-qc

Properties of 4D spinfoam quantum geometry: Results from next-to-leading order spinfoam large-$j$ asymptotics of 1-5 Pachner move

This paper proposes several criteria to probe the non-trivialities of 4-dimensional geometry that impact spinfoam amplitude. These criteria include the standard deviation of 4-volumes of the constituting 4-simplices, the smallest 4-simplex volume, and whether the directions of tetrahedron 4-normals are close to the null direction. By numerically computing and analyzing the spinfoam amplitudes up to the next-to-leading order of 1-5 Pachner move samples with the same boundary 4-simplex, we reveal the relationship between 4-dimensional geometry and spinfoam amplitudes, as large standard deviation of 4-simplex volumes and small 4-simplex volume can result in both leading order and next-to-leading order amplitudes being large. Furthermore, the numerical result indicates that the distance from tetrahedron 4-normals to the null direction has a greater impact on increasing the next-to-leading order amplitude than on the leading order amplitude, making it primarily a quantum effect.

gr-qc

Spikes and spines in 3D Lorentzian simplicial quantum gravity

Simplicial approaches to quantum gravity such as Quantum Regge Calculus and Spin Foams include configurations where bulk edges can become arbitrarily large while keeping the lengths of the boundary edges small. Such configurations pose significant challenges in Euclidean Quantum Regge Calculus, as they lead to infinities for the partition function and length expectation values. Here we investigate such configurations in three-dimensional Lorentzian Quantum Regge Calculus, and find that the partition function and length expectation values remain finite. This shows that the Lorentzian approach can avoid a key issue of the Euclidean approach. We also find that the space of configurations, for which bulk edges can become very large, is much richer than in the Euclidean case. In particular, it includes configurations with irregular light-cone structures, which lead to imaginary terms in the Regge action and branch cuts along the Lorentzian path integral contour. Hence, to meaningfully define the Lorentzian Regge path integral, one needs to clarify how such configurations should be handled.

gr-qc

Spin foam amplitude of the black-to-white hole transition

It has been conjectured that quantum gravity effects may cause the black-to-white hole transition due to quantum tunneling. The transition amplitude of this process is explored within the framework of the spin foam model on a 2-complex containing 56 vertices. We develop a systematic way to construct the bulk triangulation from the boundary triangulation to obtain the 2-complex. By using Thiemann's complexifier coherent state as the boundary state to resemble the semiclassical geometry, we introduce a procedure to calculate the parameters labeling the coherent state from the continuous curved geometry. Considering that triad fields of different orientations, i.e., $e_i^a$ and $-e_i^a$, give the same intrinsic geometry of the boundary, we creatively adopt the boundary state as a superposition of the coherent states associated with both orientations. We employ the method of complex critical point to numerically compute the transition amplitude. Despite the numerical results, it is interestingly found that the transition amplitude is dominated by the terms allowing the change in orientation. This suggests that the black-to-white hole transition should be accompanied by quantum tunneling process of a change in orientation.

gr-qc

Spikes and spines in 4D Lorentzian simplicial quantum gravity

Simplicial approaches to quantum gravity such as quantum Regge calculus and spin foams include configurations where bulk edges can become arbitrarily large while the boundary edges are kept small. Spikes and spines are prime examples for such configurations. They pose a significant challenge for a desired continuum limit, for which the average lengths of edges ought to become very small. Here we investigate spike and spine configurations in four-dimensional Lorentzian quantum Regge calculus. We find that the expectation values of arbitrary powers of the bulk length are finite. To that end, we explore new types of asymptotic regimes for the Regge amplitudes, in which some of the edges are much larger than the remaining ones. The amplitudes simplify considerably in such asymptotic regimes and the geometric interpretation of the resulting expressions involves a dimensional reduction, which might have applications to holography.

gr-qc

A Mathematica program for numerically computing real and complex critical points in 4-dimensional Lorentzian spinfoam amplitude

This work develops a comprehensive algorithm and a Mathematica program to construct boundary data and compute real and complex critical points in spinfoam amplitudes. Our approach covers both spacelike tetrahedra and triangles in the EPRL model and timelike tetrahedra and triangles in the Conrady-Hnybida extension, aiming at addressing a wide range of physical scenarios such as cosmology and black holes. Starting with a single 4-simplex, we explain how to numerically construct boundary data and corresponding real critical points from any nondegenerate 4-simplex geometry. Extending this to the simplicial complex, we demonstrate the algorithm for constructing boundary data and critical points using examples with two 4-simplices sharing an internal tetrahedron. By revisiting the $Δ_3$ triangulation with curved geometry, we demonstrate the numerical computation of the real critical point corresponding to the flat geometry and the deformation to the complex critical points. Additionally, the program evaluates the spinfoam action at the critical points and compare to the Regge action.

gr-qc

Cosmological Dynamics from Covariant Loop Quantum Gravity with Scalar Matter

We study homogenous and isotropic quantum cosmology using the spinfoam formalism of Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG). We define a coupling of a scalar field to the 4-dimensional Lorentzian Engle-Pereira-Rovelli-Livine (EPRL) spinfoam model. We employ the numerical method of complex critical points to investigate the model on two different simplicial complexes: the triangulations of a single hypercube and two connected hypercubes. We find nontrivial implications for the effective cosmological dynamics. In the single-hypercube model, the numerical results suggest an effective Friedmann equation with a scalar density that contains higher-order derivatives and a scalar potential. The scalar potential plays a role similar to a positive cosmological constant and drives an accelerated expansion of the universe. The double-hypercubes model resembles a symmetric cosmic bounce, and a similar effective Friedmann equation emerges with higher-order derivative terms in the effective scalar density, whereas the scalar potential becomes negligible.

gr-qc

Complex critical points in Lorentzian spinfoam quantum gravity: 4-simplex amplitude and effective dynamics on double-$Δ_3$ complex

The complex critical points are analyzed in the 4-dimensional Lorentzian Engle-Pereira-Rovelli-Livine (EPRL) spinfoam model in the large-$j$ regime. For the 4-simplex amplitude, taking into account the complex critical point generalizes the large-$j$ asymptotics to the situation with non-Regge boundary data and relates to the twisted geometry. For generic simplicial complexes, we present a general procedure to derive the effective theory of Regge geometries from the spinfoam amplitude in the large-$j$ regime by using the complex critical points. The effective theory is analyzed in detail for the spinfoam amplitude on the double-$Δ_3$ simplicial complex. We numerically compute the effective action and the solution of the effective equation of motion on the double-$Δ_3$ complex. The effective theory reproduces the classical Regge gravity when the Barbero-Immirzi parameter $γ$ is small.

gr-qc

Experimental Simulation of Loop Quantum Gravity on a Photonic Chip

The unification of general relativity and quantum theory is one of the fascinating problems of modern physics. One leading solution is Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG). Simulating LQG may be important for providing predictions which can then be tested experimentally. However, such complex quantum simulations cannot run efficiently on classical computers, and quantum computers or simulators are needed. Here, we experimentally demonstrate quantum simulations of spinfoam amplitudes of LQG on an integrated photonics quantum processor. We simulate a basic transition of LQG and show that the derived spinfoam vertex amplitude falls within 4% error with respect to the theoretical prediction, despite experimental imperfections. We also discuss how to generalize the simulation for more complex transitions, in realistic experimental conditions, which will eventually lead to a quantum advantage demonstration as well as expand the toolbox to investigate LQG.

quant-ph

Complex critical points and curved geometries in four-dimensional Lorentzian spinfoam quantum gravity

This paper focuses on the semiclassical behavior of the spinfoam quantum gravity in 4 dimensions. There has been long-standing confusion, known as the flatness problem, about whether the curved geometry exists in the semiclassical regime of the spinfoam amplitude. The confusion is resolved by the present work. By numerical computations, we explicitly find curved Regge geometries from the large-$j$ Lorentzian Engle-Pereira-Rovelli-Livine (EPRL) spinfoam amplitudes on triangulations. These curved geometries are with small deficit angles and relate to the complex critical points of the amplitude. The dominant contribution from the curved geometry to the spinfoam amplitude is proportional to $e^{i \mathcal{I}}$, where $\mathcal{I}$ is the Regge action of the geometry plus corrections of higher order in curvature. As a result, the spinfoam amplitude reduces to an integral over Regge geometries weighted by $e^{i \mathcal{I}}$ in the semiclassical regime. As a byproduct, our result also provides a mechanism to relax the cosine problem in the spinfoam model. Our results provide important evidence supporting the semiclassical consistency of the spinfoam quantum gravity.

gr-qc

Spinfoam on Lefschetz Thimble: Markov Chain Monte-Carlo Computation of Lorentzian Spinfoam Propagator

We compute numerically the Lorentzian Engle-Pereira-Rovelli-Livine (EPRL) spinfoam propagator on a 4-simplex, by adapting the methods of Lefschetz thimble and Markov Chain Monte-Carlo to oscillatory spinfoam integrals. Our method can compute any spinfoam observables at relatively large spins. We obtain the numerical results of the propagators at different spins and demonstrate their consistency with the expected spinfoam semi-classical behavior in the large spin limit. Our results exhibit significant quantum corrections at smaller spins. Our method is reliable and thus can be employed to discover the semi-classical and quantum behaviors of the spinfoam model.

gr-qc

Numerical computations of next-to-leading order corrections in spinfoam large-$j$ asymptotics

We numerically study the next-to-leading order corrections of the Lorentzian Engle-Pereira-Rovelli-Livine (EPRL) 4-simplex amplitude in the large-$j$ expansions. We perform large-$j$ expansions of Lorentzian EPRL 4-simplex amplitudes with two different types of boundary states, the coherent intertwiners and the coherent spin-network, and numerically compute the leading-order and the next-to-leading order $O(1/j)$ contributions of these amplitudes. We also study the dependences of these $O(1/j)$ corrections on the Barbero-Immirzi parameter $γ$. We show that they, as functions of $γ$, stabilize to finite real constants as $γ\to\infty$. Lastly, we obtain the quantum corrections to the Regge action because of the $O(1/j)$ contribution to the spinfoam amplitude.

gr-qc

Efficient Simulation of Loop Quantum Gravity -- A Scalable Linear-Optical Approach

The problem of simulating complex quantum processes on classical computers gave rise to the field of quantum simulations. Quantum simulators solve problems, such as Boson sampling, where classical counterparts fail. In another field of physics, the unification of general relativity and quantum theory is one of the greatest challenges of our time. One leading approach is Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG). Here, we connect these two fields and design a linear-optical simulator such that the evolution of the optical quantum gates simulates the spinfoam amplitudes of LQG. It has been shown that computing transition amplitudes in simple quantum field theories falls into the class BQP -- which strongly suggests that computing transition amplitudes of LQG are classically intractable. Therefore, these amplitudes are efficiently computable with universal quantum computers which are, alas, possibly decades away. We propose here an alternative special-purpose linear-optical quantum computer, which can be implemented using current technologies. This machine is capable of efficiently computing these quantities. This work opens a new way to relate quantum gravity to quantum information and will expand our understanding of the theory.

quant-ph

Measuring Holographic Entanglement Entropy on a Quantum Simulator

Quantum simulation promises to have wide applications in many fields where problems are hard to model with classical computers. Various quantum devices of different platforms have been built to tackle the problems in, say, quantum chemistry, condensed matter physics, and high-energy physics. Here, we report an experiment towards the simulation of quantum gravity by simulating the holographic entanglement entropy. On a six-qubit nuclear magnetic resonance quantum simulator, we demonstrate a key result of Anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory(\adscft) correspondence---the Ryu-Takayanagi formula is demonstrated by measuring the relevant entanglement entropies on the perfect tensor state. The fidelity of our experimentally prepared the six-qubit state is 85.0\% via full state tomography and reaches 93.7\% if the signal-decay due to decoherence is taken into account. Our experiment serves as the basic module of simulating more complex tensor network states that exploring \adscft correspondence. As the initial experimental attempt to study \adscft via quantum information processing, our work opens up new avenues exploring quantum gravity phenomena on quantum simulators.

quant-ph