arXiv subjects

E. Carlon

Publications and source records attributed to E. Carlon.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2019

Twist-bend coupling, twist waves and the shape of DNA loops

By combining analytical and numerical calculations, we investigate the minimal-energy shape of short DNA loops of approximately $100$ base pairs (bp). We show that in these loops the excess twist density oscillates as a response to an imposed bending stress, as recently found in DNA minicircles and observed in nucleosomal DNA. These twist oscillations, here referred to as twist waves, are due to the coupling between twist and bending deformations, which in turn originates from the asymmetry between DNA major and minor grooves. We introduce a simple analytical variational shape, that reproduces the exact loop energy up to the fourth significant digit, and is in very good agreement with shapes obtained from coarse-grained simulations. We, finally, analyze the loop dynamics at room temperature, and show that the twist waves are robust against thermal fluctuations. They perform a normal diffusive motion, whose origin is briefly discussed.

q-bio.BM↗

arXiv2018

The effect of memory and active forces on transition path times distributions

An analytical expression is derived for the transition path time distribution for a one-dimensional particle crossing of a parabolic barrier. Two cases are analyzed: (i) A non-Markovian process described by a generalized Langevin equation with a power-law memory kernel and (ii) a Markovian process with a noise violating the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, modeling the stochastic dynamics generated by active forces. In the case (i) we show that the anomalous dynamics strongly affecting the short time behavior of the distributions, but this happens only for very rare events not influencing the overall statistics. At long times the decay is always exponential, in disagreement with a recent study suggesting a stretched exponential decay. In the case (ii) the active forces do not substantially modify the short time behavior of the distribution, but lead to an overall decrease of the average transition path time. These findings offer some novel insights, useful for the analysis of experiments of transition path times in (bio)molecular systems.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

arXiv2017

Transition path time distributions

Biomolecular folding, at least in simple systems, can be described as a two state transition in a free energy landscape with two deep wells separated by a high barrier. Transition paths are the short part of the trajectories that cross the barrier. Average transition path times and, recently, their full probability distribution have been measured for several biomolecular systems, e.g. in the folding of nucleic acids or proteins. Motivated by these experiments, we have calculated the full transition path time distribution for a single stochastic particle crossing a parabolic barrier, focusing on the underdamped regime. Our analysis thus includes inertial terms, which were neglected in previous studies. These terms influence the short time scale dynamics of a stochastic system, and can be of experimental relevance in view of the short duration of transition paths. We derive the full transition path time distribution in the underdamped case and discuss the similarities and differences with the high friction (overdamped) limit.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

arXiv2017

Twist-bend coupling and the torsional response of double-stranded DNA

Recent magnetic tweezers experiments have reported systematic deviations of the twist response of double-stranded DNA from the predictions of the twistable worm-like chain model. Here we show, by means of analytical results and computer simulations, that these discrepancies can be resolved if a coupling between twist and bend is introduced. We obtain an estimate of 40 $\pm$ 10 nm for the twist-bend coupling constant. Our simulations are in good agreement with high-resolution, magnetic-tweezers torque data. Although the existence of twist-bend coupling was predicted long ago (Marko and Siggia, Macromolecules 27, 981 (1994)), its effects on the mechanical properties of DNA have been so far largely unexplored. We expect that this coupling plays an important role in several aspects of DNA statics and dynamics.

cond-mat.soft↗

arXiv2017

The heterodimer auto-repression loop: a robust and flexible pulse-generating genetic module

We investigate the dynamics of the heterodimer autorepression loop (HAL), a small genetic module in which a protein A acts as an auto-repressor and binds to a second protein B to form a AB dimer. For suitable values of the rate constants the HAL produces pulses of A alternating with pulses of B. By means of analytical and numerical calculations, we show that the duration of A-pulses is extremely robust against variation of the rate constants while the duration of the B-pulses can be flexibly adjusted. The HAL is thus a minimal genetic module generating robust pulses with tunable duration an interesting property for cellular signalling.

q-bio.MN↗

arXiv2014

Anomalous dynamics of DNA hairpin folding

By means of computer simulations of a coarse-grained DNA model we show that the DNA hairpin zippering dynamics is anomalous, i.e. the characteristic time T scales non-linearly with N, the hairpin length: T ~ N^a with a>1. This is in sharp contrast with the prediction of the zipper model for which T ~ N. We show that the anomalous dynamics originates from an increase in the friction during zippering due to the tension built in the closing strands. From a simple polymer model we get a = 1+ nu = 1.59 with nu the Flory exponent, a result which is in agreement with the simulations. We discuss transition path times data where such effects should be detected.

q-bio.BM↗

arXiv2011

Computing equilibrium concentrations for large heterodimerization networks

We consider a chemical reaction network governed by mass action kinetics and composed of N different species which can reversibly form heterodimers. A fast iterative algorithm is introduced to compute the equilibrium concentrations of such networks. We show that the convergence is guaranteed by the Banach fixed point theorem. As a practical example, of relevance for a quantitative analysis of microarray data, we consider a reaction network formed by N~10^6 mutually hybridizing different mRNA sequences. We show that, despite the large number of species involved, the convergence to equilibrium is very rapid for most species. The origin of slow convergence for some specific subnetworks is discussed. This provides some insights for improving the performance of the algorithm.

q-bio.MN↗

arXiv2010

Unwinding dynamics of double-stranded polymers

We consider the unwinding of two lattice polymer strands of length N that are initially wound around each other in a double-helical conformation and evolve through Rouse dynamics. The problem relates to quickly bringing a double-stranded polymer well above its melting temperature, i.e., the binding interactions between the strands are neglected, and the strands separate from each other as it is entropically favorable for them to do so. The strands unwind by rotating around each other until they separate. We find that the process proceeds from the ends inward; intermediate conformations can be characterized by a tightly wound inner part, from which loose strands are sticking out, with length l~t^0.39. The total time needed for the two strands to unwind scales as a power of N as tu~N^(2.57+-0.03). We present a theoretical argument, which suggests that during this unwinding process, these loose strands are far out of equilibrium.

cond-mat.soft↗

arXiv2010

A lattice polymer study of DNA renaturation dynamics

DNA renaturation is the recombination of two complementary single strands to form a double helix. It is experimentally known that renaturation proceeds through the formation of a double stranded nucleus of several base pairs (the rate limiting step) followed by a much faster zippering. We consider a lattice polymer model undergoing Rouse dynamics and focus on the nucleation of two diffusing strands. We study numerically the dependence of various nucleation rates on the strand lengths and on an additional local nucleation barrier. When the local barrier is sufficiently high, all renaturation rates considered scale with the length as predicted by Kramers' rate theory and are also in agreement with experiments: their scaling behavior is governed by exponents describing equilibrium properties of polymers. When the local barrier is lowered renaturation occurs in a regime of genuine non-equilibrium behavior and the scaling deviates from the rate theory prediction.

cond-mat.soft↗

arXiv2010

Breakdown of thermodynamic equilibrium for DNA hybridization in microarrays

Test experiments of hybridization in DNA microarrays show systematic deviations from the equilibrium isotherms. We argue that these deviations are due to the presence of a partially hybridized long-lived state, which we include in a kinetic model. Experiments confirm the model predictions for the intensity vs. free energy behavior. The existence of slow relaxation phenomena has important consequences for the specificity of microarrays as devices for the detection of a target sequence from a complex mixture of nucleic acids.

q-bio.BM↗

arXiv2010

The effects of mismatches on hybridization in DNA microarrays: determination of nearest neighbor parameters

Quantifying interactions in DNA microarrays is of central importance for a better understanding of their functioning. Hybridization thermodynamics for nucleic acid strands in aqueous solution can be described by the so-called nearest-neighbor model, which estimates the hybridization free energy of a given sequence as a sum of dinucleotide terms. Compared with its solution counterparts, hybridization in DNA microarrays may be hindered due to the presence of a solid surface and of a high density of DNA strands. We present here a study aimed at the determination of hybridization free energies in DNA microarrays. Experiments are performed on custom Agilent slides. The solution contains a single oligonucleotide. The microarray contains spots with a perfect matching complementary sequence and other spots with one or two mismatches: in total 1006 different probe spots, each replicated 15 times per microarray. The free energy parameters are directly fitted from microarray data. The experiments demonstrate a clear correlation between hybridization free energies in the microarray and in solution. The experiments are fully consistent with the Langmuir model at low intensities, but show a clear deviation at intermediate (non-saturating) intensities. These results provide new interesting insights for the quantification of molecular interactions in DNA microarrays.

q-bio.BM↗

arXiv2007

Modelling background intensity in Affymetrix Genechips

DNA microarrays are devices that are able, in principle, to detect and quantify the presence of specific nucleic acid sequences in complex biological mixtures. The measurement consists in detecting fluorescence signals from several spots on the microarray surface onto which different probe sequences are grafted. One of the problems of the data analysis is that the signal contains a noisy background component due to non-specific binding. This paper presents a physical model for background estimation in Affymetrix Genechips. It combines two different approaches. The first is based on the sequence composition, specifically its sequence dependent hybridization affinity. The second is based on the strong correlation of intensities from locations which are the physical neighbors of a specific spot on the chip. Both effects are incorporated in a background functional which contains 24 free parameters, fixed by minimization on a training data set. In all data analyzed the sequence specific parameters, obtained by minimization, are found to strongly correlate with empirically determined stacking free energies for RNA/DNA hybridization in solution. Moreover, there is an overall agreement with experimental background data and we show that the physics-based model proposed in this paper performs on average better than purely statistical approaches for background calculations. The model thus provides an interesting alternative method for background subtraction schemes in Affymetrix Genechips.

q-bio.BM↗

arXiv2007

Thermodynamic behavior of short oligonucleotides in microarray hybridizations can be described using Gibbs free energy in a nearest-neighbor model

While designing oligonucleotide-based microarrays, cross-hybridization between surface-bound oligos and non-intended labeled targets is probably the most difficult parameter to predict. Although literature describes rules-of-thumb concerning oligo length, overall similarity, and continuous stretches, the final behavior is difficult to predict. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of well-defined mismatches on hybridization specificity using CodeLink Activated Slides, and to study quantitatively the relation between hybridization intensity and Gibbs free energy (Delta G), taking the mismatches into account. Our data clearly showed a correlation between the hybridization intensity and Delta G of the oligos over three orders of magnitude for the hybridization intensity, which could be described by the Langmuir model. As Delta G was calculated according to the nearest-neighbor model, using values related to DNA hybridizations in solution, this study clearly shows that target-probe hybridizations on microarrays with a three-dimensional coating are in quantitative agreement with the corresponding reaction in solution. These results can be interesting for some practical applications. The correlation between intensity and Delta G can be used in quality control of microarray hybridizations by designing probes and corresponding RNA spikes with a range of Delta G values. Furthermore, this correlation might be of use to fine-tune oligonucleotide design algorithms in a way to improve the prediction of the influence of mismatching targets on microarray hybridizations.

q-bio.BM↗

arXiv2007

Stability domains of actin genes and genomic evolution

In eukaryotic genes the protein coding sequence is split into several fragments, the exons, separated by non-coding DNA stretches, the introns. Prokaryotes do not have introns in their genome. We report the calculations of stability domains of actin genes for various organisms in the animal, plant and fungi kingdoms. Actin genes have been chosen because they have been highly conserved during evolution. In these genes all introns were removed so as to mimic ancient genes at the time of the early eukaryotic development, i.e. before introns insertion. Common stability boundaries are found in evolutionary distant organisms, which implies that these boundaries date from the early origin of eukaryotes. In general boundaries correspond with introns positions of vertebrates and other animals actins, but not much for plants and fungi. The sharpest boundary is found in a locus where fungi, algae and animals have introns in positions separated by one nucleotide only, which identifies a hot-spot for insertion. These results suggest that some introns may have been incorporated into the genomes through a thermodynamic driven mechanism, in agreement with previous observations on human genes. They also suggest a different mechanism for introns insertion in plants and animals.

q-bio.BM↗

arXiv2006

Comment on: ``Solving the riddle of the bright mismatches: Labeling and effective binding in oligonucleotide arrays"

In a recent paper [Phys. Rev. E 68, 011906 (2003)], Naef and Magnasco suggested that the "bright" mismatches observed in Affymetrix microarray experiments are caused by the fluorescent molecules used to label RNA target sequences, which would impede target-probe hybridization. Their conclusion is based on the observation of "unexpected" asymmetries in the affinities obtained by fitting microarray data from publicly available experiments. We point out here that the observed asymmetry is due to the inequivalence of RNA and DNA, and that the reported affinities are consistent with stacking free energies obtained from melting experiments of unlabeled nucleic acids in solution. The conclusion of Naef and Magnasco is therefore based on an unjustified assumption.

q-bio.BM↗

arXiv2006

Physics-based analysis of Affymetrix microarray data

We analyze publicly available data on Affymetrix microarrays spike-in experiments on the human HGU133 chipset in which sequences are added in solution at known concentrations. The spike-in set contains sequences of bacterial, human and artificial origin. Our analysis is based on a recently introduced molecular-based model [E. Carlon and T. Heim, Physica A 362, 433 (2006)] which takes into account both probe-target hybridization and target-target partial hybridization in solution. The hybridization free energies are obtained from the nearest-neighbor model with experimentally determined parameters. The molecular-based model suggests a rescaling that should result in a "collapse" of the data at different concentrations into a single universal curve. We indeed find such a collapse, with the same parameters as obtained before for the older HGU95 chip set. The quality of the collapse varies according to the probe set considered. Artificial sequences, chosen by Affymetrix to be as different as possible from any other human genome sequence, generally show a much better collapse and thus a better agreement with the model than all other sequences. This suggests that the observed deviations from the predicted collapse are related to the choice of probes or have a biological origin, rather than being a problem with the proposed model.

q-bio.BM↗

arXiv2006

Effective affinities in microarray data

In the past couple of years several studies have shown that hybridization in Affymetrix DNA microarrays can be rather well understood on the basis of simple models of physical chemistry. In the majority of the cases a Langmuir isotherm was used to fit experimental data. Although there is a general consensus about this approach, some discrepancies between different studies are evident. For instance, some authors have fitted the hybridization affinities from the microarray fluorescent intensities, while others used affinities obtained from melting experiments in solution. The former approach yields fitted affinities that at first sight are only partially consistent with solution values. In this paper we show that this discrepancy exists only superficially: a sufficiently complete model provides effective affinities which are fully consistent with those fitted to experimental data. This link provides new insight on the relevant processes underlying the functioning of DNA microarrays.

q-bio.BM↗

arXiv2003

Universality in the pair contact process with diffusion

The pair contact process with diffusion is studied by means of multispin Monte Carlo simulations and density matrix renormalization group calculations. Effective critical exponents are found to behave nonmonotonically as functions of time or of system length and extrapolate asymptotically towards values consistent with the directed percolation universality class. We argue that an intermediate regime exists where the effective critical dynamics resembles that of a parity conserving process.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗