arXiv subjects

E. Costanzo

Publications and source records attributed to E. Costanzo.

14 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2008

Precision tests with a new class of dedicated ether-drift experiments

In principle, by accepting the idea of a non-zero vacuum energy, the physical vacuum of present particle physics might represent a preferred reference frame. By treating this quantum vacuum as a relativistic medium, the non-zero energy-momentum flow expected in a moving frame should effectively behave as a small thermal gradient and could, in principle, induce a measurable anisotropy of the speed of light in a loosely bound system as a gas. We explore the phenomenological implications of this scenario by considering a new class of dedicated ether-drift experiments where arbitrary gaseous media fill the resonating optical cavities. Our predictions cover most experimental set up and should motivate precise experimental tests of these fundamental issues.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2007

Flat-space picture of gravity vs. General Relativity: a precision test for present ether-drift experiments

Modern ether-drift experiments in vacuum could in principle detect the tiny refractive index that, in a flat-space picture of gravity, is appropriate for an apparatus placed on the Earth's surface. In this picture, in fact, if there were a preferred reference frame, light on the Earth would exhibit a slight anisotropy with definite quantitative differences from General Relativity. By re-analyzing the data published by two modern experiments with rotating optical resonators, and concentrating on the part of the signal that should be free of spurious systematic effects, we have found evidences that would support the flat-space scenario.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2007

Is the physical vacuum a preferred frame ?

It is generally assumed that the physical vacuum of particle physics should be characterized by an energy momentum tensor in such a way to preserve exact Lorentz invariance. On the other hand, if the ground state were characterized by its energy-momentum vector, with zero spatial momentum and a non-zero energy, the vacuum would represent a preferred frame. Since both theoretical approaches have their own good motivations, we propose an experimental test to decide between the two scenarios.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2007

An easy reading of modern ether-drift experiments

Modern ether-drift experiments look for a preferred reference frame searching for modulations of the beat note of two optical resonators that might be induced by the Earth's rotation. We present a compact formalism to evaluate the signal for most experiments where two arbitrary gaseous media fill the resonating cavities. Our predictions can provide useful hints to optimize the experimental set up and the data taking.

physics.class-ph↗

arXiv2006

An effective vacuum refractive index from gravity and the present ether-drift experiments

Re-analyzing the data published by the Berlin and Duesseldorf ether-drift experiments, we have found a clean non-zero daily average for the amplitude of the signal. The two experimental values, A_0\sim (10.5 \pm 1.3) 10^{-16} and A_0\sim (12.1\pm 2.2) 10^{-16}$ respectively, are entirely consistent with the theoretical prediction (9.7\pm 3.5) 10^{-16} that is obtained once the Robertson-Mansouri-Sexl anisotropy parameter is expressed in terms of N_{vacuum}, the effective vacuum refractive index that one would get, for an apparatus placed on the Earth's surface, in a flat-space picture of gravity .

gr-qc↗

arXiv2006

Motion toward the Great Attractor from an ether-drift experiment

Since the end of 80's, the region of sky of galactic coordinates (l\sim 309^o, b\sim 18^o), corresponding to a declination γ\sim -44^o and right ascension α\sim 202^o, usually denoted as the "Great Attractor", is known to control the overall galaxy flow in our local Universe. In this sense, this direction might represent a natural candidate to characterize a hypothetical Earth's "absolute motion". Our analysis of the extensive ether-drift observations recently reported by an experimental group in Berlin provides values of αand γthat coincide almost exactly with those of the Great Attractor and not with the values γ\sim -6^o and α\sim 168^o obtained from a dipole fit to the anisotropy of the CMB. This supports in a new fashion the existence of a discrepancy between the observed motion of the Local Group and the direction obtained from the CMB dipole.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2005

Indications for a preferred reference frame from an ether-drift experiment

We present a fully model-independent analysis of the extensive observations reported by a recent ether-drift experiment in Berlin. No a priori assumption is made on the nature of a hypothetical preferred frame. We find a remarkable consistency with an Earth's cosmic motion exhibiting an average declination angle |γ|\sim 43^o and with values of the RMS anisotropy parameter (1/2-β+δ) that are one order of magnitude larger than the presently quoted ones. This might represent the first modern indication for a preferred frame and for a non-zero anisotropy of the speed of light.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2004

From classical to modern ether-drift experiments: the narrow window for a preferred frame

Modern ether-drift experiments look for a preferred frame by measuring the difference Δνin the relative frequencies of two cavity-stabilized lasers, upon local rotations of the apparatus or under the Earth's rotation. If the small deviations observed in the classical ether-drift experiments were not mere instrumental artifacts, by replacing the high vacuum in the resonating cavities with a dielectric gaseous medium (e.g. air), the typical measured Δν\sim 1 Hz should increase by orders of magnitude. This prediction is consistent with the characteristic modulation of a few kHz observed in the original experiment with He-Ne masers. However, if such enhancement would not be confirmed by new and more precise data, the existence of a preferred frame can be definitely ruled out.

physics.class-ph↗

arXiv2004

Old and new ether-drift experiments: a sharp test for a preferred frame

Motivated by the critical remarks of several authors, we have re-analyzed the classical ether-drift experiments with the conclusion that the small observed deviations should not be neglected. In fact, within the framework of Lorentzian Relativity, they might indicate the existence of a preferred frame relatively to which the Earth is moving with a velocity v_earth\sim 200$ km/s (value projected in the plane of the interferometer). We have checked this idea by comparing with the modern ether-drift experiments, those where the observation of the fringe shifts is replaced by the difference Δνin the relative frequencies of two cavity-stabilized lasers, upon local rotations of the apparatus or under the Earth's rotation. It turns out that, even in this case, the most recent data are consistent with the same value of the Earth's velocity, once the vacuum within the cavities is considered a physical medium whose refractive index is fixed by General Relativity. We thus propose a sharp experimental test that can definitely resolve the issue. If the small deviations observed in the classical ether-drift experiments were not mere instrumental artifacts, by replacing the high vacuum in the resonating cavities with a dielectric gaseous medium (e.g. air), the typical measured Δν\sim 1 Hz should increase by orders of magnitude. This expectation is consistent with the characteristic modulation of a few kHz observed in the original experiment with He-Ne masers. However, if such enhancement would not be confirmed by new and more precise data, the existence of a preferred frame can be definitely ruled out.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2003

The motion of the Solar System and the Michelson-Morley experiment

Historically, the Michelson-Morley experiment has played a crucial role for abandoning the idea of a preferred reference frame, the ether, and for replacing Lorentzian Relativity with Einstein's Special Relativity. However, our re-analysis of the Michelson-Morley original data, consistently with the point of view already expressed by other authors, shows that the experimental observations have been misinterpreted. Namely, the fringe shifts point to a non-zero observable Earth's velocity v_obs = 8.4 +/- 0.5 km/s. Assuming the existence of a preferred reference frame, and using Lorentz transformations to extract the kinematical Earth's velocity that corresponds to this v_obs, we obtain a real velocity, in the plane of the interferometer, v_earth = 201 +/- 12 km/s. This value is in excellent agreement with Miller's calculated value v_earth = 203 +/- 8 km/s and suggests that the magnitude of the fringe shifts is determined by the typical velocity of the Solar System within our galaxy. This conclusion, which is also consistent with the results of all other classical experiments, leads to an alternative interpretation of the Michelson-Morley type of experiments. Contrary to the generally accepted ideas of last century, they provide experimental evidence for the existence of a preferred reference frame. This point of view is also consistent with the most recent data for the anisotropy of the two-way speed of light in the vacuum.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2003

Quantum-hydrodynamical picture of the massive Higgs boson

The phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking admits a physical interpretation in terms of the Bose-condensation process of elementary spinless quanta. In this picture, the broken-symmetry phase emerges as a real physical medium, endowed with a hierarchical pattern of scales, supporting two types of elementary excitations for k \to 0: a massive energy branch E_a(k) \to M_H, corresponding to the usual Higgs boson field, and a collective gap-less branch E_b(k) \to 0. This is similar to the coexistence of phonons and rotons in superfluid He-4 that, in fact, is usually considered the condensed-matter analog of the Higgs condensate. After previous work dedicated to the properties of the gap-less, phonon branch, in this paper we use quantum hydrodynamics to propose a physical interpretation of the massive branch. On the base of our results, M_H coincides with the energy-gap for vortex formation and a massive Higgs boson is like a roton in superfluid He-4. Within this interpretation of the Higgs particle, there is no "naturalness" problem since M_H remains a naturally intermediate, fixed energy scale, even for an ultimate ultraviolet cutoff Lambda \to \infty.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2003

The Michelson-Morley experiment and the cosmic velocity of the Earth

The Michelson-Morley experiment was designed to detect the relative motion of the Earth with respect to a preferred reference frame, the ether, by measuring the fringe shifts in an optical interferometer. These shifts, that should have been proportional to the square of the Earth's velocity, were found to be much smaller than expected. As a consequence, that experiment was taken as an evidence that there is no ether and, as such, played a crucial role for deciding between Lorentzian Relativity and Einstein's Special Relativity. However, according to some authors, the observed Earth's velocity was not negligibly small. To provide an independent check, we have re-analyzed the fringe shifts observed in each of the six different sessions of the Michelson-Morley experiment. They are consistent with a non-zero observable Earth's velocity $v_{\rm obs} = 8.4 \pm 0.5 km/s$. Assuming the existence of a preferred reference frame and using Lorentz transformations, this $v_{\rm obs}$ corresponds to a real velocity, in the plane of the interferometer, $v_{\rm earth} = 201 \pm 12 km/s$. This value, which is remarkably consistent with 1932 Miller's cosmic solution, suggests that the magnitude of the fringe shifts is determined by the typical velocity of the solar system within our galaxy. This conclusion is consistent with the results of all classical experiments (Morley-Miller, Illingworth, Joos, Michelson-Pease-Pearson,...) and with the existing data from present-day experiments.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv1998

7Li quasi-free scattering off the alpha-cluster in 9Be nucleus

Spectra of coincident charged particles from the reactions induced by a 52 MeV 7Li beam incident on a beryllium target were measured. Strong contributions of the 7Li quasi-free scattering off the alpha-cluster in 9Be nucleus were observed. This observation supports the conclusions from the study of complete fusion of weakly bound light nuclei at low energies that the "fragility" of the nuclei makes their fusion less probable.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv1998

Alpha - 5He decaying states and the ground state rotational band of 9Be

In a measurement of the 9Be(7Li,alpha 7Li)n alpha reaction at E = 52 MeV it is unambigously established for the first time that the 9Be excited states around 6.5 and 11.3 MeV decay into the alpha + 5He channel. This fact may support previous claims that the 11.3 MeV state is also a member of the ground state rotational band.

nucl-ex↗