arXiv subjects

E. E. Falco

Publications and source records attributed to E. E. Falco.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2018

Microlensing and Intrinsic Variability of the Broad Emission Lines of Lensed Quasars

We study the BELs in a sample of 11 gravitationally lensed quasars with at least two epochs of observation to identify intrinsic variability and to disentangle it from microlensing. To improve our statistical significance we also include 15 systems with single-epoch spectra. MgII and CIII] emission lines are only weakly affected by microlensing, but CIV shows strong microlensing in some cases, even for regions of the line core, associated with small projected velocities. However, excluding the strongly microlensed cases, there is a strikingly good match between the red wings of the CIV and CIII] profiles. Analysis of these results supports the existence of two regions in the BLR, one that is insensitive to microlensing (of size $\gtrsim$ 50 light-days and kinematics not confined to a plane) and another that shows up only when it is magnified by microlensing (of size of a few light-days, comparable to the accretion disk). Both regions can contribute in different proportions to the emission lines of different species and, within each line profile, to different velocity bins, all of which complicates detailed studies of the BLR based on microlensing size estimates. The strength of the microlensing indicates that some spectral features that make up the pseudo-continuum, such as the shelf-like feature at λ1610 or several FeIII blends, may in part arise from an inner region of the accretion disk. In the case of FeII, microlensing is strong in some blends but not in others. This opens up interesting possibilities to study quasar accretion disk kinematics.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2017

Probing the Broad Line Region and the Accretion Disk in the Lensed Quasars HE0435-1223, WFI2033-4723, and HE2149-2745 using Gravitational Microlensing

We use single-epoch spectroscopy of three gravitationally lensed quasars, HE0435-1223, WFI2033-4723, and HE2149-2745, to study their inner structure (BLR and continuum source). We detect microlensing-induced magnification in the wings of the broad emission lines of two of the systems (HE0435-1223 and WFI2033-4723). In the case of WFI2033-4723, microlensing affects two "bumps" in the spectra which are almost symmetrically arranged on the blue (coincident with an AlIII emission line) and red wings of CIII]. These match the typical double-peaked profile that follows from disk kinematics. The presence of microlensing in the wings of the emission lines indicates the existence of two different regions in the BLR: a relatively small one with kinematics possibly related to an accretion disk, and another one that is substantially more extended and insensitive to microlensing. There is good agreement between the estimated size of the region affected by microlensing in the emission lines, $r_s=10^{+15}_{-7} \sqrt{M/M_{\odot}}$ light-days (red wing of CIV in HE0435-1223) and $r_s=11^{+28}_{-7} \sqrt{M/M_{\odot}}$ light-days (CIII] bumps in WFI2033-4723) with the sizes inferred from the continuum emission, $r_s=13^{+5}_{-4} \sqrt{M/M_{\odot}}$ light-days (HE0435-1223) and $r_s=10^{+3}_{-2} \sqrt{M/M_{\odot}}$ light-days (WFI2033-4723). For HE2149-2745 we measure an accretion disk size $r_s=8^{+11}_{-5} \sqrt{M/M_{\odot}}$ light-days. The estimates of $p$, the exponent of the size vs. wavelength ($r_s\proptoλ^p$), are $1.2\pm0.6$, $0.8\pm0.2$, and $0.4\pm0.3$ for HE0435-1223, WFI2033-4723, and HE2149-2745, respectively. In conclusion, the continuum microlensing amplitude in the three quasars and chromaticity in WFI2033-4723 and HE2149-2745 are below expectations for the thin disk model. The disks are larger and their temperature gradients are flatter than predicted by this model.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2014

Fermi-LAT Detection of Gravitational Lens Delayed Gamma-ray Flares from Blazar B0218+357

Using data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), we report the first clear gamma-ray measurement of a delay between flares from the gravitationally lensed images of a blazar. The delay was detected in B0218+357, a known double-image lensed system, during a period of enhanced gamma-ray activity with peak fluxes consistently observed to reach >20-50 times its previous average flux. An auto-correlation function analysis identified a delay in the gamma-ray data of 11.46 +/- 0.16 days (1 sigma) that is ~1 day greater than previous radio measurements. Considering that it is beyond the capabilities of the LAT to spatially resolve the two images, we nevertheless decomposed individual sequences of superposing gamma-ray flares/delayed emissions. In three such ~8-10 day-long sequences within a ~4-month span, considering confusion due to overlapping flaring emission and flux measurement uncertainties, we found flux ratios consistent with ~1, thus systematically smaller than those from radio observations. During the first, best-defined flare, the delayed emission was detailed with a Fermi pointing, and we observed flux doubling timescales of ~3-6 hrs implying as well extremely compact gamma-ray emitting regions.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2013

Dark energy with gravitational lens time delays

Strong lensing gravitational time delays are a powerful and cost effective probe of dark energy. Recent studies have shown that a single lens can provide a distance measurement with 6-7 % accuracy (including random and systematic uncertainties), provided sufficient data are available to determine the time delay and reconstruct the gravitational potential of the deflector. Gravitational-time delays are a low redshift (z~0-2) probe and thus allow one to break degeneracies in the interpretation of data from higher-redshift probes like the cosmic microwave background in terms of the dark energy equation of state. Current studies are limited by the size of the sample of known lensed quasars, but this situation is about to change. Even in this decade, wide field imaging surveys are likely to discover thousands of lensed quasars, enabling the targeted study of ~100 of these systems and resulting in substantial gains in the dark energy figure of merit. In the next decade, a further order of magnitude improvement will be possible with the 10000 systems expected to be detected and measured with LSST and Euclid. To fully exploit these gains, we identify three priorities. First, support for the development of software required for the analysis of the data. Second, in this decade, small robotic telescopes (1-4m in diameter) dedicated to monitoring of lensed quasars will transform the field by delivering accurate time delays for ~100 systems. Third, in the 2020's, LSST will deliver 1000's of time delays; the bottleneck will instead be the aquisition and analysis of high resolution imaging follow-up. Thus, the top priority for the next decade is to support fast high resolution imaging capabilities, such as those enabled by the James Webb Space Telescope and next generation adaptive optics systems on large ground based telescopes.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2008

COSMOGRAIL: the COSmological MOnitoring of GRAvItational Lenses VII. Time delays and the Hubble constant from WFI J2033-4723

Gravitationally lensed quasars can be used to map the mass distribution in lensing galaxies and to estimate the Hubble constant H0 by measuring the time delays between the quasar images. Here we report the measurement of two independent time delays in the quadruply imaged quasar WFI J2033-4723 (z = 1.66). Our data consist of R-band images obtained with the Swiss 1.2 m EULER telescope located at La Silla and with the 1.3 m SMARTS telescope located at Cerro Tololo. The light curves have 218 independent epochs spanning 3 full years of monitoring between March 2004 and May 2007, with a mean temporal sampling of one observation every 4th day. We measure the time delays using three different techniques, and we obtain Dt(B-A) = 35.5 +- 1.4 days (3.8%) and Dt(B-C) = 62.6 +4.1/-2.3 days (+6.5%/-3.7%), where A is a composite of the close, merging image pair. After correcting for the time delays, we find R-band flux ratios of F_A/F_B = 2.88 +- 0.04, F_A/F_C = 3.38 +- 0.06, and F_A1/F_A2 = 1.37 +- 0.05 with no evidence for microlensing variability over a time scale of three years. However, these flux ratios do not agree with those measured in the quasar emission lines, suggesting that longer term microlensing is present. Our estimate of H0 agrees with the concordance value: non-parametric modeling of the lensing galaxy predicts H0 = 67 +13/-10 km s-1 Mpc-1, while the Single Isothermal Sphere model yields H0 = 63 +7/-3 km s-1 Mpc-1 (68% confidence level). More complex lens models using a composite de Vaucouleurs plus NFW galaxy mass profile show twisting of the mass isocontours in the lensing galaxy, as do the non-parametric models. As all models also require a significant external shear, this suggests that the lens is a member of the group of galaxies seen in field of view of WFI J2033-4723.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2008

Optical Spectroscopy of Type Ia Supernovae

We present 432 low-dispersion optical spectra of 32 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) that also have well-calibrated light curves. The coverage ranges from 6 epochs to 36 epochs of spectroscopy. Most of the data were obtained with the 1.5m Tillinghast telescope at the F. L. Whipple Observatory with typical wavelength coverage of 3700-7400A and a resolution of ~7A. The earliest spectra are thirteen days before B-band maximum; two-thirds of the SNe were observed before maximum brightness. Coverage for some SNe continues almost to the nebular phase. The consistency of the method of observation and the technique of reduction makes this an ideal data set for studying the spectroscopic diversity of SNe Ia.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2007

The Rewards of Patience: An 822 Day Time Delay in the Gravitational Lens SDSS J1004+4112

We present 107 new epochs of optical monitoring data for the four brightest images of the gravitational lens SDSS J1004+4112 observed between October 2006 and June 2007. Combining this data with the previously obtained light curves, we determine the time delays between images A, B and C. We confirm our previous measurement finding that A leads B by dt_BA=40.6+-1.8 days, and find that image C leads image A by dt_CA=821.6+-2.1 days. The lower limit on the remaining delay is that image D lags image A by dt_AD>1250 days. Based on the microlensing of images A and B we estimate that the accretion disk size at a rest wavelength of 2300 angstrom is 10^{14.8+-0.3} cm for a disk inclination of cos{i}=1/2, which is consistent with the microlensing disk size-black hole mass correlation function given our estimate of the black hole mass from the MgII line width of logM_BH/M_sun=8.44+-0.14. The long delays allow us to fill in the seasonal gaps and assemble a continuous, densely sampled light curve spanning 5.7 years whose variability implies a structure function with a logarithmic slope of gamma = 0.35+-0.02. As C is the leading image, sharp features in the C light curve can be intensively studied 2.3 years later in the A/B pair, potentially allowing detailed reverberation mapping studies of a quasar at minimal cost.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2007

Observations of the 599 Hz Accreting X-ray Pulsar IGR J00291+5934 during the 2004 Outburst and in Quiescence

We report on optical and NIR observations obtained during and after the 2004 December discovery outburst of the X-ray transient and accretion-powered millisecond pulsar IGR J00291+5934. Our observations monitored the evolution of the brightness and the spectral properties of J00291 during the outburst decay towards quiescence. We also present optical, NIR and Chandra observations obtained during true quiescence. Photometry of the field during outburst reveals an optical and NIR counterpart that brightened from R~23 to R~17 and from K=19 to K~16. Spectral analysis of the RIJHK broadband photometry shows excess in the NIR bands that may be due to synchrotron emission. The Halpha emission line profile suggests the orbital inclination is ~22-32 degrees. The preferred range for the reddening towards the source is 0.7 < E(B-V) < 0.9, which is equivalent to 4.06E21 cm^-2 < NH < 5.22E21 cm^-2. The Chandra observations of the pulsar in its quiescent state gave an unabsorbed 0.5-10 keV flux for the best-fitting power-law model to the source spectrum of (7.0 +/- 0.9)E-14 ergs/cm^2/s (adopting a hydrogen column of 4.6E21 cm^-2. The fit resulted in a power-law photon index of 2.4 +/- 0.5. The (R-K)o color observed during quiescence supports an irradiated donor star and accretion disk. We estimate a distance of 2 to 4 kpc towards J00291 by using the outburst X-ray light curve and the estimated critical X-ray luminosity necessary to keep the outer parts of the accretion disk ionized. Using the quiescent X-ray luminosity and the spin period, we constrain the magnetic field of the neutron star to be < 3E8 Gauss.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2007

The Troublesome Broadband Evolution of GRB 061126: Does a Grey Burst Imply Grey Dust?

We report on observations of a gamma-ray burst (GRB 061126) with an extremely bright (R ~ 12 mag at peak) early-time optical afterglow. The optical afterglow is already fading as a power law 22 seconds after the trigger, with no detectable prompt contribution in our first exposure, which was coincident with a large prompt-emission gamma-ray pulse. The optical--infrared photometric spectral energy distribution is an excellent fit to a power law, but it exhibits a moderate red-to-blue evolution in the spectral index at about 500 s after the burst. This color change is contemporaneous with a switch from a relatively fast decay to slower decay. The rapidly decaying early afterglow is broadly consistent with synchrotron emission from a reverse shock, but a bright forward-shock component predicted by the intermediate- to late-time X-ray observations under the assumptions of standard afterglow models is not observed. Indeed, despite its remarkable early-time brightness, this burst would qualify as a dark burst at later times on the basis of its nearly flat optical-to-X-ray spectral index. Our photometric spectral energy distribution provides no evidence of host-galaxy extinction, requiring either large quantities of grey dust in the host system (at redshift 1.1588 +/- 0.0006, based upon our late-time Keck spectroscopy) or separate physical origins for the X-ray and optical afterglows.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2007

Mid-IR Observations and a Revised Time Delay for the Gravitational Lens System Quasar HE 1104-1805

The mid-IR flux ratios F_A/F_B = 2.84 +/- 0.06 of the two images of the gravitationally lensed quasar HE 1104-1805 show no wavelength dependence to within 3% across 3.6-8.0 um, no time dependence over 6 months and agree with the broad emission line flux ratios. This indicates that the mid-IR emission likely comes from scales large enough to be little affected by microlensing and that there is little differential extinction between the images. We measure a revised time-delay between these two images of 152.2 +2.8-3.0 days from R and V-band data covering 1997 to 2006. This time-delay indicates that the lens has an approximately flat rotation curve over scales of 1-2 R_e. We also observed uncorrelated variations of ~0.05 mag/yr which we attribute to microlensing of the optical emission from the accretion disk. The optical colors have also changed significantly in the sense that image A is now redder than image B, rather than bluer as it was in 1993.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2006

A Putative Early-Type Host Galaxy for GRB 060502B: Implications for the Progenitors of Short-Duration Hard-Spectrum Bursts

Starting with the first detection of an afterglow from a short-duration hard-spectrum gamma-ray burst (SHB) by Swift last year, a growing body of evidence has suggested that SHBs are associated with an older and lower-redshift galactic population than long-soft GRBs and, in a few cases, with large (>~ 10 kpc) projected offsets from the centers of their putative host galaxies. Here we present observations of the field of GRB 060502B, a SHB detected by Swift and localized by the X-ray Telescope (XRT). We find a massive red galaxy at a redshift of z=0.287 at an angular distance of 17.1 arcsec from our revised XRT position. Using associative and probabilistic arguments we suggest that this galaxy hosted the progenitor of GRB 060502B. If true, this offset would correspond to a physical displacement of 73 +- 19 kpc in projection, about twice the largest offset inferred for any SHB to date and almost an order of magnitude larger than a typical long-soft burst offset. Spectra and modeling of the star-formation history of this possible host show it to have undergone a large ancient starburst. If the progenitor of GRB 060502B was formed in this starburst episode, the time of the GRB explosion since birth is tau = 1.3 +- 0.2 Gyr and the minimum kick velocity of the SHB progenitor is v_kick = 55 +- 15 km/s.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2006

A Time Delay for the Largest Gravitationally Lensed Quasar: SDSS J1004+4112

We present 426 epochs of optical monitoring data spanning 1000 days from December 2003 to June 2006 for the gravitationally lensed quasar SDSS J1004+4112. The time delay between the A and B images is 38.4+/-2.0 days in the expected sense that B leads A and the overall time ordering is C-B-A-D-E. The measured delay invalidates all published models. The models failed because they neglected the perturbations from cluster member galaxies. Models including the galaxies can fit the data well, but strong conclusions about the cluster mass distribution should await the measurement of the longer, and less substructure sensitive, delays of the C and D images. For these images, a CB delay of 681+/-15 days is plausible but requires confirmation, while CB and AD delays of >560 days and > 800 days are required. We clearly detect microlensing of the A/B images, with the delay-corrected flux ratios changing from B-A=0.44+/-0.01 mag in the first season to 0.29+/-0.01 mag in the second season and 0.32+/-0.01 mag in the third season.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2006

Probing the Coevolution of Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxies Using Gravitationally Lensed Quasar Hosts

In the present-day universe, supermassive black hole masses (MBH) appear to be strongly correlated with their galaxy's bulge luminosity, among other properties. In this study, we explore the analogous relationship between MBH, derived using the virial method, and the stellar R-band bulge luminosity (Lr) or stellar bulge mass (M*) at epochs of 1 < z < 4.5 using a sample of 31 gravitationally lensed AGNs and 20 non-lensed AGNs. At redshifts z > 1.7 (10--12 Gyrs ago), we find that the observed MBH--Lr relation is nearly the same (to within ~0.3 mag) as it is today. When the observed Lr are corrected for luminosity evolution, this means that the black holes grew in mass faster than their hosts, with the MBH/M* mass ratio being a factor of > 4(+2)(-1) times larger at z > 1.7 than it is today. By the redshift range 1 1.7 were fully formed bulges that passively faded to the present epoch are ruled out.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2006

The 2005 outburst of the halo black hole X-ray transient XTE J1118+480

We present optical and infrared monitoring of the 2005 outburst of the halo black hole X-ray transient XTE J1118+480. We measured a total outburst amplitude of ~5.7+-0.1 mag in the R band and ~5 mag in the infrared J, H and K_s bands. The hardness ratio HR2 (5-12 keV/3-5 keV) from the RXTE/ASM data is 1.53+-0.02 at the peak of the outburst indicating a hard spectrum. Both the shape of the light curve and the ratio L_X (1-10 keV)/L_opt resemble the mini-outbursts observed in GRO J0422+32 and XTE J1859+226. During early decline, we find a 0.02-mag amplitude variation consistent with a superhump modulation, like the one observed during the 2000 outburst. Similarly, XTE J1118+480 displayed a double-humped ellipsoidal modulation distorted by a superhump wave when settled into a near-quiescence level, suggesting that the disk expanded to the 3:1 resonance radius after outburst where it remained until early quiescence. The system reached quiescence at R=19.02+-0.03 about three months after the onset of the outburst. The optical rise preceded the X-ray rise by at most 4 days. The spectral energy distributions (SEDs) at the different epochs during outburst are all quasi-power laws with F_nu proportional to nu^alpha increasing toward the blue. At the peak of the outburst we derived alpha=0.49+-0.04 for the optical data alone and alpha=0.1+-0.1 when fitting solely the infrared. This difference between the optical and the infrared SEDs suggests that the infrared is dominated by a different component (a jet?) whereas the optical is presumably showing the disk evolution.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2005

GRB 050408: An Atypical Gamma-Ray Burst as a Probe of an Atypical Galactic Environment

The bright GRB 050408 was localized by HETE-II near local midnight, enabling an impressive ground-based followup effort as well as space-based followup from Swift. The Swift data from the X-Ray Telescope (XRT) and our own optical photometry and spectrum of the afterglow provide the cornerstone for our analysis. Under the traditional assumption that the visible waveband was above the peak synchrotron frequency and below the cooling frequency, the optical photometry from 0.03 to 5.03 days show an afterglow decay corresponding to an electron energy index of p_lc = 2.05 +/- 0.04, without a jet break as suggested by others. A break is seen in the X-ray data at early times (at ~12600 sec after the GRB). The spectral slope of the optical spectrum is consistent with p_lc assuming a host-galaxy extinction of A_V = 1.18 mag. The optical-NIR broadband spectrum is also consistent with p = 2.05, but prefers A_V = 0.57 mag. The X-ray afterglow shows a break at 1.26 x 10^4 sec, which may be the result of a refreshed shock. This burst stands out in that the optical and X-ray data suggest a large H I column density of N_HI ~ 10^22 cm^-2; it is very likely a damped Lyman alpha system and so the faintness of the host galaxy (M_V > -18 mag) is noteworthy. Moreover, we detect extraordinarily strong Ti II absorption lines with a column density through the GRB host that exceeds the largest values observed for the Milky Way by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, the Ti II equivalent width is in the top 1% of Mg II absorption-selected QSOs. This suggests that the large-scale environment of GRB 050408 has significantly lower Ti depletion than the Milky Way and a large velocity width (delta v > 200 km/s).

astro-ph↗

arXiv2005

The Unique Type Ib Supernova 2005bf: A WN Star Explosion Model for Peculiar Light Curves and Spectra

Observations and modeling for the light curve (LC) and spectra of supernova (SN) 2005bf are reported. This SN showed unique features: the LC had two maxima, and declined rapidly after the second maximum, while the spectra showed strengthening He lines whose velocity increased with time. The double-peaked LC can be reproduced by a double-peaked $^{56}$Ni distribution, with most $^{56}$Ni at low velocity and a small amount at high velocity. The rapid post-maximum decline requires a large fraction of the $γ$-rays to escape from the $^{56}$Ni-dominated region, possibly because of low-density ``holes''. The presence of Balmer lines in the spectrum suggests that the He layer of the progenitor was substantially intact. Increasing $γ$-ray deposition in the He layer due to enhanced $γ$-ray escape from the $^{56}$Ni-dominated region may explain both the delayed strengthening and the increasing velocity of the He lines. The SN has massive ejecta ($\sim6-7\Msun$), normal kinetic energy ($\sim 1.0-1.5\times 10^{51}$ ergs), high peak bolometric luminosity ($\sim 5\times 10^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$) for an epoch as late as $\sim$ 40 days, and a large $^{56}$Ni mass ($\sim0.32\Msun$). These properties, and the presence of a small amount of H suggest that the progenitor was initially massive (M$\sim 25-30 \Msun$) and had lost most of its H envelope, and was possibly a WN star. The double-peaked $^{56}$Ni distribution suggests that the explosion may have formed jets that did not reach the He layer. The properties of SN 2005bf resemble those of the explosion of Cassiopeia A.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2005

Optical Lightcurve & Cooling Break of GRB 050502A

We present lightcurves of the afterglow of GRB050502A, including very early data at t-t_{GRB} < 60s. The lightcurve is composed of unfiltered ROTSE-IIIb optical observations from 44s to 6h post-burst, R-band MDM observations from 1.6 to 8.4h post-burst, and PAIRITEL J H K_s observations from 0.6 to 2.6h post-burst. The optical lightcurve is fit by a broken power law, where t^{alpha} steepens from alpha = -1.13 +- 0.02 to alpha = -1.44 +- 0.02 at \~5700s. This steepening is consistent with the evolution expected for the passage of the cooling frequency nu_c through the optical band. Even in our earliest observation at 44s post-burst, there is no evidence that the optical flux is brighter than a backward extrapolation of the later power law would suggest. The observed decay indices and spectral index are consistent with either an ISM or a Wind fireball model, but slightly favor the ISM interpretation. The expected spectral index in the ISM interpretation is consistent within 1 sigma with the observed spectral index beta = -0.8 +- 0.1; the Wind interpretation would imply a slightly (~2 sigma) shallower spectral index than observed. A small amount of dust extinction at the source redshift could steepen an intrinsic spectrum sufficiently to account for the observed value of beta. In this picture, the early optical decay, with the peak at or below 4.7e14 Hz at 44s, requires very small electron and magnetic energy partitions from the fireball.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2005

Closing in on a Short-Hard Burst Progenitor: Constraints from Early-Time Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy of a Possible Host Galaxy of GRB 050509b

The localization of the short-duration, hard-spectrum GRB 050509b was a watershed event. Thanks to the nearly immediate relay of the GRB position by Swift, we began imaging the GRB field 8 minutes after the burst and continued for the following 8 days. No convincing optical/infrared candidate afterglow or supernova was found for the object. We present a re-analysis of the XRT afterglow and find an absolute position that is ~4" to the west of the XRT position reported previously. Close to this position is a bright elliptical galaxy with redshift z=0.2248, about 1' from the center of a rich cluster of galaxies. Based on positional coincidences, the GRB and the bright elliptical are likely to be physically related. We thus have discovered evidence that at least some short-duration, hard-spectra GRBs arise at cosmological distances. However, while GRB 050509b was underluminous compared to long-duration GRBs, we demonstrate that the ratio of the blast-wave energy to the gamma-ray energy is consistent with that of long-duration GRBs. Based on this analysis, on the location of the GRB (40 +- 13 kpc from a bright galaxy), on the galaxy type (elliptical), and the lack of a coincident supernova, we suggest that there is now observational consistency with the hypothesis that short-hard bursts arise during the merger of a compact binary. We limit the properties of a Li-Paczynski ''mini-supernova.'' Other progenitor models are still viable, and additional rapidly localized bursts from the Swift mission will undoubtedly help to further clarify the progenitor picture. (abridged)

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