arXiv subjects

E. Santamaría

Publications and source records attributed to E. Santamaría.

14 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2025

Thackeray's globules in IC 2944: the rocket effect revisited by ALMA

The prominent Thackeray's globules are a collection of cloudlets seen in silhouette against the bright emission of the IC 2944 HII region, ionized by the Collinder 249 cluster of early-type stars (placed at 2331$\pm$30 pc, derived from a Gaia DR3 analysis of the parallaxes of 11 massive stars). Here we present the analysis of Band 3 ALMA data that reveals the cold emission (continuum and molecular) associated with the neutral gas and its kinematic behavior. Many of the globules follow a linear velocity gradient that can be explained as the result of an acceleration process due to the rocket effect, where freshly ionized material streams away from the globule, compressing and accelerating it. We identified 46 globules (12 of which are new detections), measured their kinematics, and estimated their densities and masses. At least 5 of them are associated with emission of dense molecular tracers and/or millimeter continuum sources and have indications of possible gravitational collapse. We applied a simple model for the acceleration of the globules which accounts for the observed kinematics. In this scenario only the most massive of the globules will be able to gravitationally collapse before being completely destroyed, in the process reaching speeds of tens km/s, and potentially becoming low-mass walkaway/runaway protostars.

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arXiv2024

Shaping the nebula around the symbiotic system R Aquarii

We present an analysis of high-dispersion spectroscopic observations of the symbiotic system R Aquarii (R Aqr) obtained with the Manchester Echelle Spectrograph (MES) at the 2.1 m telescope of the San Pedro Mártir Observatory (Mexico). An interpretation of these data is presented by means of the shape software to disclose the morpho-kinematics of the nebulosities associated with R Aqr. The best model that reproduces narrow-band images and position-velocity diagrams is composed by three structures: an outer (large) hourglass structure surrounding an inner bipolar with a spiral-like filament entwined around the later. Different expansion velocity patterns are predefined for each structure, which predict kinematic ages of $τ_{1}$=450$\pm$25 yr (outer hourglass), $τ_{2}$=240$\pm$20 yr (inner bipolar) and $τ_{3}$=215$\pm$20 yr (spiral-like filament). We suggest that the spiral-like filament is tracing the regions of interaction of the precessing jet with the circumstellar material, which simultaneously carves the inner bipolar structure. If a similar process created the large hourglass structure, it means that the action of the jet ceased for about 230 yr. We discuss the implication for other unresolved symbiotic systems detected in X-rays.

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arXiv2024

3D physical structure and angular expansion of the remnant of the recurrent nova T Pyx

We present the analysis of archival Very Large Telescope (VLT) MUSE and multi-epoch Hubble Space Telescope (HST) WFPC2 and WFC3/UVIS narrow-band observations of the remnant associated with the ejecta of the mid-nineteenth century outburst of the recurrent nova T Pyx. These data sets are used to investigate its true 3D physical structure and the nebular expansion patterns along the line of sight and on the plane of the sky. The VLT MUSE emission line maps and 3D visualisations based on position-position-velocity diagrams reveal T Pyx as a bipolar nebula, with a knotty toroidal structure at its waist best seen in H$β$ and two open bowl-shaped bipolar lobes (a diabolo) best revealed by the [OIII] emission lines. The comparison of multi-epoch HST WFPC2 and WFC3/UVIS narrow-band images and VLT MUSE emission line maps of T Pyx reveals the angular expansion of the remnant through the proper motion of individual knots and nebular features. The angular expansion is confirmed to be homologous in the period from 1994.2 to 2007.4 before the recent 2011 outburst, but there is suggestive evidence that the inner knots have experienced a higher expansion rate since then.

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arXiv2024

Optical tomography of the born-again ejecta of A 58

In a born-again planetary nebula (PN), processed H-deficient material has been injected inside the old, H-rich nebula as a result of a very late thermal pulse (VLTP) event. Long-slit spectra have been used to unveil the chemical and physical differences between these two structures, but the ejection and shaping processes remain still unclear. In order to peer into the morpho-kinematics of the H-deficient ejecta in the born-again PN A 58, we present the first integral field spectroscopic observations of a born-again PN as obtained with GTC MEGARA. We detect emission from the H$α$, He I, [O III], [N II] and [S II] emission lines, which help us unveil the expansion patterns of the different structures. In combination with ALMA and Hubble Space Telescope data we are able to produce a complete view of the H-deficient ionized and molecular ejecta in A 58. We propose an hourglass structure for the ionized material that embraces molecular high-velocity polar components, while bisected by an expanding toroidal molecular and dusty structure. Our results leverage the role of a companion in shaping the VLTP ejecta in this born-again PN.

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arXiv2022

Planetary nebulae with Wolf-Rayet-type central stars -- IV. NGC 1501 and its mixing layer

Theory predicts that the temperature of the X-ray-emitting gas ($\sim$10$^{6}$ K) detected from planetary nebulae (PNe) is a consequence of mixing or thermal conduction when in contact with the ionized outer rim ($\sim$10$^{4}$ K). Gas at intermediate temperatures ($\sim$10$^{5}$ K) can be used to study the physics of the production of X-ray-emitting gas, via C IV, N V and O VI ions. Here we model the stellar atmosphere of the CSPN of NGC 1501 to demonstrate that even this hot H-deficient [WO4]-type star cannot produce these emission lines by photoionization. We use the detection of the C IV lines to assess the physical properties of the mixing region in this PNe in comparison with its X-ray-emitting gas, rendering NGC 1501 only the second PNe with such characterization. We extend our predictions to the hottest [WO1] and cooler [WC5] spectral types and demonstrate that most energetic photons are absorbed in the dense winds of [WR] CSPN and highly ionized species can be used to study the physics behind the production of hot bubbles in PNe. We found that the UV observations of NGC 2452, NGC 6751 and NGC 6905 are consistent with the presence mixing layers and hot bubbles, providing excellent candidates for future X-ray observations.

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arXiv2022

QU Vul: An Integral Field Spectroscopy Case Study of a Nova Shell

We present GTC MEGARA high-dispersion integral field spectroscopic observations of the nova remnant QU\,Vul, which provide a comprehensive 3D view of this nova shell. The tomographic analysis of the H$α$ emission reveals a complex physical structure characterized by an inhomogeneous and clumpy distribution of the material within this shell. The overall structure can be described as a prolate ellipsoid with an axial ratio of 1.4$\pm$0.2, a major axis inclination with the line of sight of $12^{\circ}\pm6^{\circ}$, and polar and equatorial expansion velocities $\approx$560 km~s$^{-1}$ and 400$\pm$60 km s$^{-1}$, respectively. The comparison of the expansion velocity on the plane of the sky with the angular expansion implies a distance of 1.43$\pm$0.23 kpc. The ionized mass is found to be $\approx 2\times 10^{-4}$ M$_\odot$, noting that the information on the 3D distribution of material within the nova shell has allowed us to reduce the uncertainty on its filling factor. The nova shell is still in its free expansion phase, which can be expected as the ejecta mass is much larger than the swept-up circumstellar medium mass. The 3D distribution and radial velocity of material within the nova shell provide an interpretation of the so-called "castellated" line profiles observed in early optical spectra of nova shells, which can be attributed to knots and clumps moving radially along different directions.

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arXiv2022

Common envelope evolution in born-again planetary nebulae -- Shaping the H-deficient ejecta of A30

Born-again planetary nebulae (PNe) are extremely rare cases in the evolution of solar-like stars. It is commonly accepted that their central stars (CSPN) experienced a very late thermal pulse (VLTP), ejecting H-deficient material inside the evolved H-rich PN. Given the short duration of this event and the fast subsequent evolution of the CSPN, details of the mass ejection are unknown. We present the first morpho-kinematic model of the H-deficient material surrounding a born-again PN, namely A30. New San Pedro Mártir observations with the Manchester Echelle Spectrograph were recently obtained to map the inner region of A30 which are interpreted by means of the software SHAPE in conjunction with HST WFC3 images. The SHAPE morpho-kinematic model that best reproduces the observations is composed by a disrupted disk tilted $37^\circ$ with respect to the line of sight and a pair of orthogonal opposite bipolar ejections. We confirm previous suggestions that the structures closer to the CSPN present the highest expansion velocities, that is, the disrupted disk expands faster than the farther bipolar features. We propose that the current physical structure and abundance discrepancy of the H-deficient clumps around the CSPN of A30 can be explained by a common envelope phase following the VLTP event. Our proposed scenario is also compared with other known born-again PNe (A58, A78, HuBi1 and the Sakurai's Object).

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arXiv2022

Spatio-kinematic models of five nova remnants: correlations between nova shell axial ratio, expansion velocity, and speed class

We present long-slit intermediate-dispersion spectroscopic observations and narrow-band direct imaging of four classical nova shells, namely TAur, HRDel, DQHer and QUVul, and the nova-like source CKVul. These are used to construct models of their nebular remnants using the morpho-kinematic modelling tool Shape to reveal their 3D shape. All these nova remnants but CKVul can be described by prolate ellipsoidal shells with different eccentricity degree, from the spherical QUVul to the highly elongated shell with an equatorial component HRDel. On the other hand, CKVul shows a more complex structure, with two pairs of nested bipolar lobes. The spatio-kinematic properties of the ellipsoidal nova shells derived from our models include their true axial ratios. This parameter is expected to correlate with the expansion velocity and decline time C3 (i.e., their speed class) of a nova as the result the interaction of the ejecta with the circumstellar material and rotation speed and magnetic field of the white dwarf. We have compared these three parameters including data available in the literature for another two nova shells, V533 Her and FH Ser. There is an anti-correlation between the expansion velocity and the axial ratio and decline time C3 for nova remnants with ellipsoidal morphology, and a correlation between their axial ratios and decline times C3, confirming theoretical expectations that the fastest expanding novae have the smallest axial ratios. We note that the high expansion velocity of the nova shell HRDel of 615 km/s is inconsistent with its long decline time C3 of 250 days.

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arXiv2021

X-ray observations of the nova shell IPHASX J210204.7+471015

We present the analysis of XMM-Newton European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) observations of the nova shell IPHASX J210204.7$+$471015. We detect X-ray emission from the progenitor binary star with properties that resemble those of underluminous intermediate polars such as DQ Her: an X-ray-emitting plasma with temperature of $T_\mathrm{X}=(6.4\pm3.1)\times10^{6}$ K, a non-thermal X-ray component, and an estimated X-ray luminosity of $L_\mathrm{X}=10^{30}$ erg s$^{-1}$. Time series analyses unveil the presence of two periods, the dominant with a period of $2.9\pm0.2$ hr, which might be attributed to the spin of the white dwarf, and a secondary of $4.5\pm0.6$ hr that is in line with the orbital period of the binary system derived from optical observations. We do not detect extended X-ray emission as in other nova shells probably due to its relatively old age (130-170 yr) or to its asymmetric disrupted morphology which is suggestive of explosion scenarios different to the symmetric ones assumed in available numerical simulations of nova explosions.

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arXiv2020

Discovery of a Fast Expanding Shell in the Inside-out Born-Again Planetary Nebula HuBi 1 Through High-Dispersion Integral Field Spectroscopy

HuBi 1 has been proposed to be member of the rare class of born-again planetary nebulae (PNe), i.e., its central star experienced a very late thermal pulse and ejected highly-processed material at high speeds inside the old hydrogen-rich PN. In this letter we present GTC MEGARA integral field spectroscopic observations of the innermost regions of HuBi 1 at high spectral resolution $\simeq16$ km s$^{-1}$ and multi-epoch sub-arcsec images obtained $\simeq 12$ yr apart. The analysis of these data indicates that the inner regions of HuBi 1 were ejected $\simeq200$ yr ago and expand at velocities $\simeq300$ km s$^{-1}$, in excellent agreement with the born-again scenario. The unprecedented tomographic capabilities of the GTC MEGARA high-dispersion observations used here reveal that the ejecta in HuBi 1 has a shell-like structure, in contrast to the disrupted disk and jet morphology of the ejecta in other born-again PNe.

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arXiv2020

Unveiling the stellar origin of the Wolf-Rayet nebula NGC6888 through infrared observations

We present a comprehensive infrared (IR) study of the iconic Wolf-Rayet (WR) wind-blown bubble NGC6888 around WR136. We use Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Spitzer IRAC and MIPS and Herschel PACS IR images to produce a sharp view of the distribution of dust around WR136. We complement these IR photometric observations with Spitzer IRS spectra in the 5-38 $μ$m wavelength range. The unprecedented high-resolution IR images allowed us to produce a clean spectral energy distribution, free of contamination from material along the line of sight, to model the properties of the dust in NGC6888. We use the spectral synthesis code Cloudy to produce a model for NGC6888 that consistently reproduces its optical and IR properties. Our best model requires a double distribution with the inner shell composed only of gas, whilst the outer shell requires a mix of gas and dust. The dust consists of two populations of grain sizes, one with small sized grains $a_\mathrm{small}$=[0.002-0.008] $μ$m and another one with large sized grains $a_\mathrm{big}$=[0.05-0.5] $μ$m. The population of big grains is similar to that reported for other red supergiants stars and dominates the total dust mass, which leads us to suggest that the current mass of NGC6888 is purely due to material ejected from WR136, with a negligible contribution of swept up interstellar medium. The total mass of this model is 25.5$^{+4.7}_{-2.8}$ M$_{\odot}$, a dust mass of $M_\mathrm{dust}=$0.14$^{+0.03}_{-0.01}$ M$_{\odot}$, for a dust-to-gas ratio of $5.6\times10^{-3}$. Accordingly, we suggest that the initial stellar mass of WR136 was $\lesssim$50 M$_{\odot}$, consistent with current single stellar evolution models.

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arXiv2020

Extended X-ray emission from the classic nova DQ Her -- On the possible presence of a magnetized jet

We present an analysis of archival Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of the magnetically-active cataclysmic variable DQ Her and the shell around it ejected in a nova event in 1934. A careful revision of the Chandra observations confirms previous claims on the presence of extended X-ray emission around DQ Her and reveals that it actually corresponds to a bipolar jet-like structure extending $\simeq$32$''$ along a direction from NE to SW. Therefore, this X-ray emission extends beyond the optical nova shell and is perpendicular to its major axis. The XMM-Newton observations confirm the presence of the extended X-ray emission detected by Chandra, suggesting the additional presence of a diffuse X-ray emission from a hot bubble filling the nova shell. This hot bubble was very likely produced by the explosion that created the nebular shell detected in optical images. The bipolar feature can be modelled by the combination of an optically thin plasma emission component with temperature $T\approx2\times10^{6}$ K and a power law component with a photon index of $Γ=1.1\pm0.9$. Its X-ray luminosity in the 0.3 - 5 keV energy range is $L_\mathrm{X}=(2.1\pm1.3)\times10^{29}$ erg s$^{-1}$, for an electron density $n_\mathrm{e}\approx2$ cm$^{-3}$ and a mass $m_\mathrm{X}\approx 3\times10^{-6}$ M$_{\odot}$. We suggest that the X-ray bipolar structure in DQ Her is a jet and interpret its non-thermal X-ray emission in terms of a magnetized jet.

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arXiv2020

Angular Expansion of Nova Shells

Nova shells can provide us with important information on their distance, their interactions with the circumstellar and interstellar media, and the evolution in morphology of the ejecta. We have obtained narrow-band images of a sample of five nova shells, namely DQHer, FHSer, TAur, V476Cyg, and V533Her, with ages in the range from 50 to 130 years. These images have been compared with suitable available archival images to derive their angular expansion rates. We find that all the nova shells in our sample are still in the free expansion phase, which can be expected, as the mass of the ejecta is 7-45 times larger than the mass of the swept-up circumstellar medium. The nova shells will keep expanding freely for time periods up to a few hundred years, reducing their time dispersal into the interstellar medium.

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arXiv2018

Measuring the Expansion and Age of the Nova Shell IPHASXJ210204.7+471015

The parallax expansion and kinematics of a nova shell can be used to assess its age and distance, and to investigate the interaction of the ejecta with the circumstellar medium. These are key to understand the expansion and dispersal of the nova ejecta in the Galaxy. Multi-epoch images and high-dispersion spectroscopic observations of the recently discovered classical nova shell IPHASXJ210204.7+471015 around a nova-like system have been used to derive a present day expansion rate of 0.100 arcsec/yr and an expansion velocity of 285 km/s. These data are combined to obtain a distance of 600 pc to the nova. The secular expansion of the nova shell place the event sometime between 1850 and 1890, yet it seems to have been missed at that time. Despite its young age, 130-170 yrs, we found indications that the ejecta has already experienced a noticeable deceleration, indicating the interaction of this young nova shell with the surrounding medium.

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