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Edda Gschwendtner

Publications and source records attributed to Edda Gschwendtner.

11 recordsLinked to original sources

Focusing of a Long Relativistic Proton Bunch in Underdense Plasma

We discuss the focusing effect experienced by a long relativistic proton bunch, when propagating in underdense plasma. We show with 2D quasi-static simulations that the response of the plasma to the presence of the bunch provides a focusing force for the protons. We discuss the impact of the finite transverse size of the plasma on the dynamics of the process and we introduce the measurements performed at the AWAKE experiment at CERN.

physics.plasm-ph

Injection tolerances and self-matching in a quasilinear wakefield accelerator

Particle acceleration in a quasilinear plasma wake provides access to high acceleration gradients while avoiding self-trapping of the background electrons. However, the plasma response to the externally injected witness bunch leads to a variation of the focussing fields along the bunch length, which can lead to a emittance growth. In order to investigate the impact of this emittance growth on the overall beam quality, we develop a single figure of merit based on a potential high-energy application for the AWAKE experiment at CERN. We show that the development of such a figure of merit naturally gives rise to constraints on both the tunability and stability of the initial witness bunch parameters. It is further shown that the unique physics of the quasilinear wake gives rise to broad tolerances for the witness bunch radius at the injection point, as the plasma wakefields self-match to the witness bunch.

physics.acc-ph

The AWAKE Run 2 programme and beyond

Plasma wakefield acceleration is a promising technology to reduce the size of particle accelerators. Use of high energy protons to drive wakefields in plasma has been demonstrated during Run 1 of the AWAKE programme at CERN. Protons of energy 400 GeV drove wakefields that accelerated electrons to 2 GeV in under 10 m of plasma. The AWAKE collaboration is now embarking on Run 2 with the main aims to demonstrate stable accelerating gradients of 0.5-1 GV/m, preserve emittance of the electron bunches during acceleration and develop plasma sources scalable to 100s of metres and beyond. By the end of Run 2, the AWAKE scheme should be able to provide electron beams for particle physics experiments and several possible experiments have already been evaluated. This article summarises the programme of AWAKE Run 2 and how it will be achieved as well as the possible application of the AWAKE scheme to novel particle physics experiments.

physics.acc-ph

Design of the AWAKE Run 2c transfer lines using numerical optimizers

The Advanced Wakefield (AWAKE) Experiment is a proof-of-principle experiment demonstrating the acceleration of electron beams via proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. AWAKE Run 1 achieved acceleration of electron beams to 2 GeV and the intention for Run 2 is to build on these results by achieving acceleration to ~10 GeV with a higher beam quality. As part of the upgrade to Run 2, the existing proton and electron beamlines will be adapted and a second plasma cell and new 150 MeV electron beamline will be added. This new beamline will be required to inject electron bunches with micron-level beam size and stability into the second plasma cell from within the 1 m gap between the two plasma cells. In this paper we describe the techniques used (e.g. numerical optimizers and genetic algorithms) to produce the design of the 150 MeV electron line in order to meet the challenging experimental specifications. Operational techniques are also studied for both electron transfer lines including steering and alignment methods utilising numerical optimizers and beam measurement techniques employing neural networks.

physics.acc-ph

Proton Driven Plasma Wakefield Acceleration in AWAKE

In this article, we briefly summarize the experiments performed during the first Run of the Advanced Wakefield Experiment, AWAKE, at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The final goal of AWAKE Run 1 (2013 - 2018) was to demonstrate that \unit[10-20]{MeV} electrons can be accelerated to GeV-energies in a plasma wakefield driven by a highly-relativistic self-modulated proton bunch. We describe the experiment, outline the measurement concept and present first results. Last, we outline our plans for the future.

physics.acc-ph

AWAKE: On the path to particle physics applications

Proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration allows the transfer of energy from a proton bunch to a trailing bunch of particles, the `witness' particles, via plasma electrons. The AWAKE experiment at CERN is pursuing a demonstration of this scheme using bunches of protons from the CERN SPS. Assuming continued success of the AWAKE program, high energy electron or muon beams will become available, opening up an extensive array of future particle physics projects from beam dump searches for new weakly interacting particles such as Dark Photons, to fixed target physics programs, to energy frontier electron-proton, electron-ion, electron-positron and muon colliders. The time is right for the particle physics community to offer strong support to the pursuit of this new technology as it will open up new avenues for high energy particle physics.

physics.acc-ph

External Electron Injection for the AWAKE Experiment

We summarize and explain the realization of witness particle injection into wakefields for the AWAKE experiment. In AWAKE, the plasma wakefields are driven by a self-modulating relativistic proton bunch. To demonstrate that these wakefields can accelerate charged particles, we inject a \unit[10-20]{MeV} electron bunch produced by a photo-injector. We summarize the experimental challenges of this injection process and present our plans for the near future.

physics.acc-ph

Interferometer-based high-accuracy white light measurement of neutral rubidium density and gradient at AWAKE

The AWAKE experiment requires an automated online rubidium (Rb) plasma density and gradient diagnostic for densities between 1 and 10$\cdot$10$^{14}$ cm$^{-3}$. A linear density gradient along the plasma source at the percent level may be useful to improve the electron acceleration process. Because of full laser ionization of Rb vapor to Rb$^{+}$ within a radius of 1 mm, the plasma density equals the vapor density. We measure the Rb vapor densities at both ends of the source, with high precision using, white light interferometry. At either source end, broadband laser light passes a remotely controlled Mach-Zehnder interferometer built out of single mode fibers. The resulting interference signal, influenced by dispersion in the vicinity of the Rb D1 and D2 transitions, is dispersed in wavelength by a spectrograph. Fully automated Fourier-based signal conditioning and a fit algorithm yield the density with an uncertainty between the measurements at both ends of 0.11 to 0.46 $\%$ over the entire density range. These densities used to operate the plasma source are displayed live in the control room.

physics.plasm-ph

A Method to Determine the Maximum Radius of Defocused Protons after Self-Modulation in AWAKE

The AWAKE experiment at CERN aims to drive GV/m plasma wakefields with a self-modulated proton drive bunch, and to use them for electron acceleration. During the self-modulation process, protons are defocused by the transverse plasma wakefields and form a halo around the focused bunch core. The two-screen setup integrated in AWAKE measures the transverse, time-integrated proton bunch distribution downstream the \unit[10]{m} long plasma to detect defocused protons. By measuring the maximum radius of the defocused protons we attempt calculate properties of the self-modulation. In this article, we develop a routine to identify the maximum radius of the defocused protons, based on a standard contour method. We compare the maximum radius obtained from the contour to the logarithmic lineouts of the image to show that the determined radius identifies the edge of the distribution.

physics.acc-ph

Proton Beam Defocusing as a Result of Self-Modulation in Plasma

The AWAKE experiment will use a \SI{400}{GeV/c} proton beam with a longitudinal bunch length of $σ_z = 12\,\rm{cm}$ to create and sustain GV/m plasma wakefields over 10 meters . A 12 cm long bunch can only drive strong wakefields in a plasma with $n_{pe} = 7 \times 10^{14}\,\rm{electrons/cm}^3$ after the self-modulation instability (SMI) developed and microbunches formed, spaced at the plasma wavelength. The fields present during SMI focus and defocus the protons in the transverse plane \cite{SMI}. We show that by inserting two imaging screens downstream the plasma, we can measure the maximum defocusing angle of the defocused protons for plasma densities above $n_{pe} = 5 \times 10^{14}\,\rm{electrons/cm}^{-3}$. Measuring maximum defocusing angles around 1 mrad indirectly proves that SMI developed successfully and that GV/m plasma wakefields were created. In this paper we present numerical studies on how and when the wakefields defocus protons in plasma, the expected measurement results of the two screen diagnostics and the physics we can deduce from it.

physics.acc-ph

European Strategy for Accelerator-Based Neutrino Physics

Massive neutrinos reveal physics beyond the Standard Model, which could have deep consequences for our understanding of the Universe. Their study should therefore receive the highest level of priority in the European Strategy. The discovery and study of leptonic CP violation and precision studies of the transitions between neutrino flavours require high intensity, high precision, long baseline accelerator neutrino experiments. The community of European neutrino physicists involved in oscillation experiments is strong enough to support a major neutrino long baseline project in Europe, and has an ambitious, competitive and coherent vision to propose. Following the 2006 European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) recommendations, two complementary design studies have been carried out: LAGUNA/LBNO, focused on deep underground detector sites, and EUROnu, focused on high intensity neutrino facilities. LAGUNA LBNO recommends, as first step, a conventional neutrino beam CN2PY from a CERN SPS North Area Neutrino Facility (NANF) aimed at the Pyhasalmi mine in Finland. A sterile neutrino search experiment which could also be situated in the CERN north area has been proposed (ICARUS-NESSIE) using a two detector set-up, allowing a definitive answer to the 20 year old question open by the LSND experiment. EUROnu concluded that a 10 GeV Neutrino Factory, aimed at a magnetized neutrino detector situated, also, at a baseline of around 2200 km (+-30%), would constitute the ultimate neutrino facility; it recommends that the next 5 years be devoted to the R&D, preparatory experiments and implementation study, in view of a proposal before the next ESPP update. The coherence and quality of this program calls for the continuation of neutrino beams at CERN after the CNGS, and for a high priority support from CERN and the member states to the experiments and R&D program.

hep-ex