Single-Photon Counting CMOS Detectors for the Habitable Worlds Observatory
The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) is NASA's current New Great Observatory concept. HWO will observe the universe to search for life beyond Earth. It will need unprecedented instrument stability and detector performance. However, no single detector technology currently satisfies HWO's demanding specifications. Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) single-photon counting detectors (SPCDs) are excellent candidates for further development, as they already satisfy several specifications for HWO. We report the results of a characterization program for 9.4 Mpixel CMOS SPCDs. We measure a dark current of 0.0005 e-/s/pixel, a read noise of 0.19 e-/pixel, a peak quantum efficiency of 88% at 485 nm, negligible crosstalk and persistence, and we present conversion gain measurements. The detector satisfies several key HWO performance requirements, including deep sub-electron read noise and low dark current, while additional development is required in ultraviolet quantum efficiency and full mission qualification. We include a simulated low-flux observation using characterization results, along with a roadmap for developing CMOS SPCDs to satisfy HWO specifications, especially at UV wavelengths.