arXiv subjects

Ehsan Hoque

Publications and source records attributed to Ehsan Hoque.

46 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2021

Could you become more credible by being White? Assessing Impact of Race on Credibility with Deepfakes

Computer mediated conversations (e.g., videoconferencing) is now the new mainstream media. How would credibility be impacted if one could change their race on the fly in these environments? We propose an approach using Deepfakes and a supporting GAN architecture to isolate visual features and alter racial perception. We then crowd-sourced over 800 survey responses to measure how credibility was influenced by changing the perceived race. We evaluate the effect of showing a still image of a Black person versus a still image of a White person using the same audio clip for each survey. We also test the effect of showing either an original video or an altered video where the appearance of the person in the original video is modified to appear more White. We measure credibility as the percent of participant responses who believed the speaker was telling the truth. We found that changing the race of a person in a static image has negligible impact on credibility. However, the same manipulation of race on a video increases credibility significantly (61\% to 73\% with p $<$ 0.05). Furthermore, a VADER sentiment analysis over the free response survey questions reveals that more positive sentiment is used to justify the credibility of a White individual in a video.

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arXiv2020

Detecting Parkinson's Disease From an Online Speech-task

In this paper, we envision a web-based framework that can help anyone, anywhere around the world record a short speech task, and analyze the recorded data to screen for Parkinson's disease (PD). We collected data from 726 unique participants (262 PD, 38% female; 464 non-PD, 65% female; average age: 61) -- from all over the US and beyond. A small portion of the data was collected in a lab setting to compare quality. The participants were instructed to utter a popular pangram containing all the letters in the English alphabet "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog..". We extracted both standard acoustic features (Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC), jitter and shimmer variants) and deep learning based features from the speech data. Using these features, we trained several machine learning algorithms. We achieved 0.75 AUC (Area Under The Curve) performance on determining presence of self-reported Parkinson's disease by modeling the standard acoustic features through the XGBoost -- a gradient-boosted decision tree model. Further analysis reveal that the widely used MFCC features and a subset of previously validated dysphonia features designed for detecting Parkinson's from verbal phonation task (pronouncing 'ahh') contains the most distinct information. Our model performed equally well on data collected in controlled lab environment as well as 'in the wild' across different gender and age groups. Using this tool, we can collect data from almost anyone anywhere with a video/audio enabled device, contributing to equity and access in neurological care.

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arXiv2020

Facial expressions can detect Parkinson's disease: preliminary evidence from videos collected online

One of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) is hypomimia or reduced facial expressions. In this paper, we present a digital biomarker for PD that utilizes the study of micro-expressions. We analyzed the facial action units (AU) from 1812 videos of 604 individuals (61 with PD and 543 without PD, mean age 63.9 yo, sd 7.8 ) collected online using a web-based tool (www.parktest.net). In these videos, participants were asked to make three facial expressions (a smiling, disgusted, and surprised face) followed by a neutral face. Using techniques from computer vision and machine learning, we objectively measured the variance of the facial muscle movements and used it to distinguish between individuals with and without PD. The prediction accuracy using the facial micro-expressions was comparable to those methodologies that utilize motor symptoms. Logistic regression analysis revealed that participants with PD had less variance in AU6 (cheek raiser), AU12 (lip corner puller), and AU4 (brow lowerer) than non-PD individuals. An automated classifier using Support Vector Machine was trained on the variances and achieved 95.6% accuracy. Using facial expressions as a biomarker for PD could be potentially transformative for patients in need of physical separation (e.g., due to COVID) or are immobile.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2020

Technology-driven Alteration of Nonverbal Cues and its Effects on Negotiation

A person's appearance, identity, and other nonverbal cues can substantially influence how one is perceived by a negotiation counterpart, potentially impacting the outcome of the negotiation. With recent advances in technology, it is now possible to alter such cues through real-time video communication. In many cases, a person's physical presence can explicitly be replaced by 2D/3D representations in live interactive media. In other cases, technologies such as deepfake can subtly and implicitly alter many nonverbal cues -- including a person's appearance and identity -- in real-time. In this article, we look at some state-of-the-art technological advances that can enable such explicit and implicit alteration of nonverbal cues. We also discuss the implications of such technology for the negotiation landscape and highlight ethical considerations that warrant deep, ongoing attention from stakeholders.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2020

Individual-level Anxiety Detection and Prediction from Longitudinal YouTube and Google Search Engagement Logs

Anxiety disorder is one of the world's most prevalent mental health conditions, arising from complex interactions of biological and environmental factors and severely interfering one's ability to lead normal life activities. Current methods for detecting anxiety heavily rely on in-person interviews, which can be expensive, time-consuming, and blocked by social stigmas. In this work, we propose an alternative method to identify individuals with anxiety and further estimate their levels of anxiety using personal online activity histories from YouTube and the Google Search engine, platforms that are used by millions of people daily. We ran a longitudinal study and collected multiple rounds of anonymized YouTube and Google Search logs from volunteering participants, along with their clinically validated ground-truth anxiety assessment scores. We then developed explainable features that capture both the temporal and contextual aspects of online behaviors. Using those, we were able to train models that (i) identify individuals having anxiety disorder with an average F1 score of 0.83 and (ii) assess the level of anxiety by predicting the gold standard Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scores (ranges from 0 to 21) with a mean square error of 1.87 based on the ubiquitous individual-level online engagement data. Our proposed anxiety assessment framework is cost-effective, time-saving, scalable, and opens the door for it to be deployed in real-world clinical settings, empowering care providers and therapists to learn about anxiety disorders of patients non-invasively at any moment in time.

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arXiv2020

Integrating Multimodal Information in Large Pretrained Transformers

Recent Transformer-based contextual word representations, including BERT and XLNet, have shown state-of-the-art performance in multiple disciplines within NLP. Fine-tuning the trained contextual models on task-specific datasets has been the key to achieving superior performance downstream. While fine-tuning these pre-trained models is straightforward for lexical applications (applications with only language modality), it is not trivial for multimodal language (a growing area in NLP focused on modeling face-to-face communication). Pre-trained models don't have the necessary components to accept two extra modalities of vision and acoustic. In this paper, we proposed an attachment to BERT and XLNet called Multimodal Adaptation Gate (MAG). MAG allows BERT and XLNet to accept multimodal nonverbal data during fine-tuning. It does so by generating a shift to internal representation of BERT and XLNet; a shift that is conditioned on the visual and acoustic modalities. In our experiments, we study the commonly used CMU-MOSI and CMU-MOSEI datasets for multimodal sentiment analysis. Fine-tuning MAG-BERT and MAG-XLNet significantly boosts the sentiment analysis performance over previous baselines as well as language-only fine-tuning of BERT and XLNet. On the CMU-MOSI dataset, MAG-XLNet achieves human-level multimodal sentiment analysis performance for the first time in the NLP community.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2020

Immediate or Reflective?: Effects of Real-timeFeedback on Group Discussions over Videochat

Having a group discussion with the members holding conflicting viewpoints is difficult. It is especially challenging for machine-mediated discussions in which the subtle social cues are hard to notice. We present a fully automated videochat framework that can automatically analyze audio-video data of the participants and provide real-time feedback on participation, interruption, volume, and facial emotion. In a heated discourse, these features are especially aligned with the undesired characteristics of dominating the conversation without taking turns, interrupting constantly, raising voice, and expressing negative emotion. We conduct a treatment-control user study with 40 participants having 20 sessions in total. We analyze the immediate and the reflective effects of real-time feedback on participants. Our findings show that while real-time feedback can make the ongoing discussion significantly less spontaneous, its effects propagate to successive sessions bringing significantly more expressiveness to the team. Our explorations with instant and propagated impacts of real-time feedback can be useful for developing design strategies for various collaborative environments.

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arXiv2020

Detecting Individuals with Depressive Disorder fromPersonal Google Search and YouTube History Logs

Depressive disorder is one of the most prevalent mental illnesses among the global population. However, traditional screening methods require exacting in-person interviews and may fail to provide immediate interventions. In this work, we leverage ubiquitous personal longitudinal Google Search and YouTube engagement logs to detect individuals with depressive disorder. We collected Google Search and YouTube history data and clinical depression evaluation results from $212$ participants ($99$ of them suffered from moderate to severe depressions). We then propose a personalized framework for classifying individuals with and without depression symptoms based on mutual-exciting point process that captures both the temporal and semantic aspects of online activities. Our best model achieved an average F1 score of $0.77 \pm 0.04$ and an AUC ROC of $0.81 \pm 0.02$.

cs.CY↗

arXiv2020

Novel Computational Linguistic Measures, Dialogue System and the Development of SOPHIE: Standardized Online Patient for Healthcare Interaction Education

In this paper, we describe the iterative participatory design of SOPHIE, an online virtual patient for feedback-based practice of sensitive patient-physician conversations, and discuss an initial qualitative evaluation of the system by professional end users. The design of SOPHIE was motivated from a computational linguistic analysis of the transcripts of 383 patient-physician conversations from an essential office visit of late stage cancer patients with their oncologists. We developed methods for the automatic detection of two behavioral paradigms, lecturing and positive language usage patterns (sentiment trajectory of conversation), that are shown to be significantly associated with patient prognosis understanding. These automated metrics associated with effective communication were incorporated into SOPHIE, and a pilot user study identified that SOPHIE was favorably reviewed by a user group of practicing physicians.

cs.HC↗

arXiv2020

The Relationship between Deteriorating Mental Health Conditions and Longitudinal Behavioral Changes in Google and YouTube Usages among College Students in the United States during COVID-19: Observational Study

Mental health problems among the global population are worsened during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). How individuals engage with online platforms such as Google Search and YouTube undergoes drastic shifts due to pandemic and subsequent lockdowns. Such ubiquitous daily behaviors on online platforms have the potential to capture and correlate with clinically alarming deteriorations in mental health profiles in a non-invasive manner. The goal of this study is to examine, among college students, the relationship between deteriorating mental health conditions and changes in user behaviors when engaging with Google Search and YouTube during COVID-19. This study recruited a cohort of 49 students from a U.S. college campus during January 2020 (prior to the pandemic) and measured the anxiety and depression levels of each participant. This study followed up with the same cohort during May 2020 (during the pandemic), and the anxiety and depression levels were assessed again. The longitudinal Google Search and YouTube history data were anonymized and collected. From individual-level Google Search and YouTube histories, we developed 5 signals that can quantify shifts in online behaviors during the pandemic. We then assessed the differences between groups with and without deteriorating mental health profiles in terms of these features. Significant features included late-night online activities, continuous usages, and time away from the internet, porn consumptions, and keywords associated with negative emotions, social activities, and personal affairs. Though further studies are required, our results demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing pervasive online data to establish non-invasive surveillance systems for mental health conditions that bypasses many disadvantages of existing screening methods.

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