arXiv subjects

Elisabetta Semboloni

Publications and source records attributed to Elisabetta Semboloni.

26 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2009

Handbook for the GREAT08 Challenge: An image analysis competition for cosmological lensing

The GRavitational lEnsing Accuracy Testing 2008 (GREAT08) Challenge focuses on a problem that is of crucial importance for future observations in cosmology. The shapes of distant galaxies can be used to determine the properties of dark energy and the nature of gravity, because light from those galaxies is bent by gravity from the intervening dark matter. The observed galaxy images appear distorted, although only slightly, and their shapes must be precisely disentangled from the effects of pixelisation, convolution and noise. The worldwide gravitational lensing community has made significant progress in techniques to measure these distortions via the Shear TEsting Program (STEP). Via STEP, we have run challenges within our own community, and come to recognise that this particular image analysis problem is ideally matched to experts in statistical inference, inverse problems and computational learning. Thus, in order to continue the progress seen in recent years, we are seeking an infusion of new ideas from these communities. This document details the GREAT08 Challenge for potential participants. Please visit http://www.great08challenge.info for the latest information.

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arXiv2008

Sources of contamination to weak lensing tomography: redshift-dependent shear measurement bias

The current methods available to estimate gravitational shear from astronomical images of galaxies introduce systematic errors which can affect the accuracy of weak lensing cosmological constraints. We study the impact of KSB shape measurement bias on the cosmological interpretation of tomographic two-point weak lensing shear statistics. We use a set of realistic image simulations produced by the STEP collaboration to derive shape measurement bias as a function of redshift. We define biased two-point weak lensing statistics and perform a likelihood analysis for two fiducial surveys. We present a derivation of the covariance matrix for tomography in real space and a fitting formula to calibrate it for non-Gaussianity. We find the biased aperture mass dispersion is reduced by ~20% at redshift ~1, and has a shallower scaling with redshift. This effect, if ignored in data analyses, biases sigma_8 and w_0 estimates by a few percent. The power of tomography is significantly reduced when marginalising over a range of realistic shape measurement biases. For a CFHTLS-Wide-like survey, [Omega_m, sigma_8] confidence regions are degraded by a factor of 2, whereas for a KIDS-like survey the factor is 3.5. Our results are strictly valid only for KSB methods but they demonstrate the need to marginalise over a redshift-dependent shape measurement bias in all future cosmological analyses.

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arXiv2008

Sources of contamination to weak lensing three-point statistics: constraints from N-body simulations

We investigate the impact of the observed correlation between a galaxies shape and its surrounding density field on the measurement of third order weak lensing shear statistics. Using numerical simulations, we estimate the systematic error contribution to a measurement of the third order moment of the aperture mass statistic (GGG) from three-point intrinsic ellipticity correlations (III), and the three-point coupling between the weak lensing shear experienced by distant galaxies and the shape of foreground galaxies (GGI and GII). We find that third-order weak lensing statistics are typically more strongly contaminated by these physical systematics compared to second-order shear measurements, contaminating the measured three-point signal for moderately deep surveys with a median redshift z_m ~ 0.7 by ~ 15%. It has been shown that accurate photometric redshifts will be crucial to correct for this effect, once a model and the redshift dependence of the effect can be accurately constrained. To this end we provide redshift-dependent fitting functions to our results and propose a new tool for the observational study of intrinsic galaxy alignments. For a shallow survey with z_m ~ 0.4 we find III to be an order of magnitude larger than the expected cosmological GGG shear signal. Compared to the two-point intrinsic ellipticity correlation which is similar in amplitude to the two-point shear signal at these survey depths, third order statistics therefore offer a promising new way to constrain models of intrinsic galaxy alignments. Early shallow data from the next generation of very wide weak lensing surveys will be optimal for this type of study.

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arXiv2007

Cosmological Constraints From the 100 Square Degree Weak Lensing Survey

We present a cosmic shear analysis of the 100 square degree weak lensing survey, combining data from the CFHTLS-Wide, RCS, VIRMOS-DESCART and GaBoDS surveys. Spanning ~100 square degrees, with a median source redshift z~0.78, this combined survey allows us to place tight joint constraints on the matter density parameter Omega_m, and the amplitude of the matter power spectrum sigma_8, finding sigma_8*(Omega_m/0.24)^0.59 = 0.84+/-0.05. Tables of the measured shear correlation function and the calculated covariance matrix for each survey are included. The accuracy of our results is a marked improvement on previous work owing to three important differences in our analysis; we correctly account for cosmic variance errors by including a non-Gaussian contribution estimated from numerical simulations; we correct the measured shear for a calibration bias as estimated from simulated data; we model the redshift distribution, n(z), of each survey from the largest deep photometric redshift catalogue currently available from the CFHTLS-Deep. This catalogue is randomly sampled to reproduce the magnitude distribution of each survey with the resulting survey dependent n(z) parametrised using two different models. While our results are consistent for the n(z) models tested, we find that our cosmological parameter constraints depend weakly (at the 5% level) on the inclusion or exclusion of galaxies with low confidence photometric redshift estimates (z>1.5). These high redshift galaxies are relatively few in number but contribute a significant weak lensing signal. It will therefore be important for future weak lensing surveys to obtain near-infra-red data to reliably determine the number of high redshift galaxies in cosmic shear analyses.

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arXiv2007

COSMOS: 3D weak lensing and the growth of structure

We present a three dimensional cosmic shear analysis of the Hubble Space Telescope COSMOS survey, the largest ever optical imaging program performed in space. We have measured the shapes of galaxies for the tell-tale distortions caused by weak gravitational lensing, and traced the growth of that signal as a function of redshift. Using both 2D and 3D analyses, we measure cosmological parameters Omega_m, the density of matter in the universe, and sigma_8, the normalization of the matter power spectrum. The introduction of redshift information tightens the constraints by a factor of three, and also reduces the relative sampling (or "cosmic") variance compared to recent surveys that may be larger but are only two dimensional. From the 3D analysis, we find sigma_8*(Omega_m/0.3)^0.44=0.866+^0.085_-0.068 at 68% confidence limits, including both statistical and potential systematic sources of error in the total budget. Indeed, the absolute calibration of shear measurement methods is now the dominant source of uncertainty. Assuming instead a baseline cosmology to fix the geometry of the universe, we have measured the growth of structure on both linear and non-linear physical scales. Our results thus demonstrate a proof of concept for tomographic analysis techniques that have been proposed for future weak lensing surveys by a dedicated wide-field telescope in space.

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arXiv2006

Cosmic variance of weak lensing surveys in the non-Gaussian regime

The results from weak gravitational lensing analyses are subject to a cosmic variance error term that has previously been estimated assuming Gaussian statistics. In this letter we address the issue of estimating cosmic variance errors for weak lensing surveys in the non-Gaussian regime. Using standard cold dark matter model ray-tracing simulations characterized by Omega_m=0.3, Omega_Lambda=0.7, h=0.7, sigma_8=1.0 for different survey redshifts z_s, we determine the variance of the two-point shear correlation function measured across 64 independent lines of sight. We compare the measured variance to the variance expected from a random Gaussian field and derive a redshift-dependent non-Gaussian calibration relation. We find that the ratio can be as high as ~30 for a survey with source redshift z_s ~ 0.5 and ~10 for z_s ~ 1. The transition scale theta_c above which the ratio is consistent with unity, is found to be theta_c ~ 20 arcmin for z_s ~ 0.5 and theta_c ~ 10 arcmin for z_s ~ 1. We provide fitting formula to our results permitting the estimation of non-Gaussian cosmic variance errors for any weak lensing analysis, and discuss the impact on current and future surveys. A more extensive set of simulations will however be required to investigate the dependence of our results on cosmology, specifically on the amplitude of clustering.

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arXiv2006

The Shear TEsting Programme 2: Factors affecting high precision weak lensing analyses

The Shear TEsting Programme (STEP) is a collaborative project to improve the accuracy and reliability of weak lensing measurement, in preparation for the next generation of wide-field surveys. We review sixteen current and emerging shear measurement methods in a common language, and assess their performance by running them (blindly) on simulated images that contain a known shear signal. We determine the common features of algorithms that most successfully recover the input parameters. We achieve previously unattained discriminatory precision in our analysis, via a combination of more extensive simulations, and pairs of galaxy images that have been rotated with respect to each other, thus removing noise from their intrinsic ellipticities. The robustness of our simulation approach is also confirmed by testing the relative calibration of methods on real data. Weak lensing measurement has improved since the first STEP paper. Several methods now consistently achieve better than 2% precision, and are still being developed. However, the simulations can now distinguish all methods from perfect performance. Our main concern continues to be the potential for a multiplicative shear calibration bias: not least because this can not be internally calibrated with real data. We determine which galaxy populations are responsible and, by adjusting the simulated observing conditions, we also investigate the effects of instrumental and atmospheric parameters. We have isolated several previously unrecognised aspects of galaxy shape measurement, in which focussed development could provide further progress towards the sub-percent level of precision desired for future surveys. [ABRIDGED]

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arXiv2006

Tracking quintessence by cosmic shear - Constraints from VIRMOS-Descart and CFHTLS and future prospects

Dark energy can be investigated in two complementary ways, by considering either general parameterizations or physically well-defined models. Following the second route, we explore the constraints on quintessence models where the acceleration is driven by a slow-rolling scalar field. The analysis focuses on cosmic shear, combined with supernovae Ia and CMB data. Using a Boltzmann code including quintessence models and the computation of weak lensing observables, we determine several two-point shear statistics. The non-linear regime is described by two different mappings. The likelihood analysis is based on a grid method. The data include the "gold set" of supernovae Ia, the WMAP-1 year data and the VIRMOS-Descart and CFHTLS-deep and -wide data for weak lensing. This is the first analysis of high-energy motivated dark energy models that uses weak lensing data. We explore larger angular scales, using a synthetic realization of the complete CFHTLS-wide survey as well as next space-based missions surveys. Two classes of cosmological parameters are discussed: i) those accounting for quintessence affect mainly geometrical factors; ii) cosmological parameters specifying the primordial universe strongly depend on the description of the non-linear regime. This dependence is addressed using wide surveys, by discarding the smaller angular scales to reduce the dependence on the non-linear regime. Special care is payed to the comparison of these physical models with parameterizations of the equation of state. For a flat universe and a quintessence inverse power law potential with slope alpha, we obtain alpha < 1 and Omega_Q=0.75^{+0.03}_{-0.04} at 95% confidence level, whereas alpha=2^{+18}_{-2}, Omega_Q=0.74^{+0.03}_{-0.05} when including supergravity corrections.

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