Comparison of melanin subtypes using pump-probe microscopy
Pump-probe microscopy (PPM) is used to probe excited state dynamics of endogenous chromophores to generate contrast that is unavailable in traditional forms of microscopy. Here we apply PPM to characterize melanin, a pigment central to photoprotection, skin and eye pigmentation, and melanoma pathogenesis. Melanin is notoriously difficult to analyze due to its structural and chemical complexity. We imaged melanin from six different lesion categories: cutaneous nevi, lentigo, cutaneous malignant melanoma, conjunctival melanocytic lesions, vulvar melanocytic lesions, and a murine melanoma model, across 21 independent biological samples and 109 regions of interest. Using model fitting, adapted phasor analysis, and support vector machine classification, we characterize and quantify excited-state dynamics as a surrogate for chemical and structural heterogeneity. Heterogeneity of melanin separates cutaneous from non-cutaneous lesions, but is not correlated with malignancy. Benign lentigo is the most heterogeneous population in the dataset, exceeding cutaneous malignant melanoma, while conjunctival lesions are the most homogeneous despite receiving direct solar exposure. Classification on full transient absorption curves separates most subtypes well above the six-class chance level. These findings demonstrate the ability of PPM to reveal subtle differences in melanin photophysics across diverse tissue environments, with implications for optical tissue classification and the understanding of melanoma pathogenesis.