arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Erin P. J. Pearse.
For different values of $γ\geq 0$, analysis of the end behavior of the sequence $a_n = \cos (n)^{n^γ}$ yields a strong connection to the irrationality measure of $π$. We show that if $\limsup |\cos n|^{n^2} \neq 1$, then the irrationality measure of $π$ is exactly 2. We also give some numerical evidence to support the conjecture that $μ(π)=2$, based on the appearance of some startling subsequences of $\cos(n)^n$.
We consider a one parameter family of Lorenz maps indexed by their point of discontinuity $p$ and constructed from a pair of bilipschitz functions. We prove that their topological entropies vary continuously as a function of $p$ and discuss Milnor's monotonicity conjecture in this setting.
In a previous paper, the authors introduced the idea of a symmetric pair of operators as a way to compute self-adjoint extensions of symmetric operators. In brief, a symmetric pair consists of two densely defined linear operators $A$ and $B$, with $A \subseteq B^\star$ and $B \subseteq A^\star$. In this paper, we will show by example that symmetric pairs may be used to deduce closability of operators and sometimes even compute adjoints. In particular, we prove that the Malliavin derivative and Skorokhod integral of stochastic calculus are closable, and the closures are mutually adjoint. We also prove that the basic involutions of Tomita-Takesaki theory are closable and that their closures are mutually adjoint. Applications to functions of finite energy on infinite graphs are also discussed, wherein the Laplace operator and inclusion operator form a symmetric pair.
We provide a streamlined construction of the Friedrichs extension of a densely-defined self-adjoint and semibounded operator $A$ on a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$, by means of a symmetric pair of operators. A \emph{symmetric pair} is comprised of densely defined operators $J: \mathcal{H}_1 \to \mathcal{H}_2$ and $K: \mathcal{H}_2 \to \mathcal{H}_1$ which are compatible in a certain sense. With the appropriate definitions of $\mathcal{H}_1$ and $J$ in terms of $A$ and $\mathcal{H}$, we show that $(JJ^\star)^{-1}$ is the Friedrichs extension of $A$. Furthermore, we use related ideas (including the notion of unbounded containment) to construct a generalization of the construction of the Krein extension of $A$ as laid out in a previous paper of the authors. These results are applied to the study of the graph Laplacian on infinite networks, in relation to the Hilbert spaces $\ell^2(G)$ and $\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal E}$ (the energy space).
We compare the space of square-summable functions on an infinite graph (denoted $\ell^2(G)$) with the space of functions of finite energy (denoted $\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal{E}}$). There is a notion of inclusion that allows $\ell^2(G)$ to be embedded into $\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal{E}}$, but the required inclusion operator is unbounded in most interesting cases. These observations assist in the construction of the Krein extension of the Laplace operator on $\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal{E}}$. We investigate the Krein extension and compare it to the Friedrichs extension developed by the authors in a previous paper.
A long-standing conjecture of Lapidus claims that under certain conditions, self-similar fractal sets fail to be Minkowski measurable if and only if they are of lattice type. The theorem was established for fractal subsets of $\mathbb{R}$ by Falconer, Lapidus and v.~Frankenhuijsen, and the forward direction was shown for fractal subsets of $\mathbb{R}^d$, $d \geq 2$, by Gatzouras. Since then, much effort has been made to prove the converse. In this paper, we prove a partial converse by means of renewal theory. Our proof allows us to recover several previous results in this regard, but is much shorter and extends to a more general setting; several technical conditions appearing in previous versions of this result have now been removed.
The method of geometric harmonics is adapted to the situation of incomplete data by means of the iterated geometric harmonics (IGH) scheme. The method is tested on natural and synthetic data sets with 50--500 data points and dimensionality of 400--10,000. Experiments suggest that the algorithm converges to a near optimal solution within 4--6 iterations, at runtimes of less than 30 minutes on a medium-grade desktop computer. The imputation of missing data values is applied to collections of damaged images (suffering from data annihilation rates of up to 70\%) which are reconstructed with a surprising degree of accuracy.
In a previous paper [arXiv:1006.3807], the authors obtained tube formulas for certain fractals under rather general conditions. Based on these formulas, we give here a characterization of Minkowski measurability of a certain class of self-similar tilings and self-similar sets. Under appropriate hypotheses, self-similar tilings with simple generators (more precisely, monophase generators) are shown to be Minkowski measurable if and only if the associated scaling zeta function is of nonlattice type. Under a natural geometric condition on the tiling, the result is transferred to the associated self-similar set (i.e., the fractal itself). Also, the latter is shown to be Minkowski measurable if and only if the associated scaling zeta function is of nonlattice type.
For a network consisting of a graph with edge weights prescribed by a given conductance function $c$, we consider the effects of replacing these weights with a new function $b$ that satisfies $b \leq c$ on each edge. In particular, we compare the corresponding energy spaces and the spectra of the Laplace operators acting on these spaces. We use these results to derive estimates for effective resistance on the two networks, and to compute a spectral invariant for the canonical embedding of one energy space into the other.
We study the boundary theory of a connected weighted graph $G$ from the viewpoint of stochastic integration. For the Hilbert space \HE of Dirichlet-finite functions on $G$, we construct a Gel'fand triple $S \ci {\mathcal H}_{\mathcal E} \ci S'$. This yields a probability measure $\mathbb{P}$ on $S'$ and an isometric embedding of ${\mathcal H}_{\mathcal E}$ into $L^2(S',\mathbb{P})$, and hence gives a concrete representation of the boundary as a certain class of "distributions" in $S'$. In a previous paper, we proved a discrete Gauss-Green identity for infinite networks which produces a boundary representation for harmonic functions of finite energy, given as a certain limit. In this paper, we use techniques from stochastic integration to make the boundary $\operatorname{bd}G$ precise as a measure space, and obtain a boundary integral representation as an integral over $S'$.
Let $(G,c)$ be an infinite network, and let $\mathcal{E}$ be the canonical energy form. Let $Δ_2$ be the Laplace operator with dense domain in $\ell^2(G)$ and let $Δ_{\mathcal{E}}$ be the Laplace operator with dense domain in the Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_\mathcal{E}$ of finite energy functions on $G$. It is known that $Δ_2$ is essentially self-adjoint, but that $Δ_{\mathcal{E}}$ is \emph{not}. In this paper, we characterize the Friedrichs extension of $Δ_{\mathcal{E}}$ in terms of $Δ_2$ and show that the spectral measures of the two operators are mutually absolutely continuous with Radon-Nikodym derivative $λ$ (the spectral parameter), in the complement of $λ=0$. We also give applications to the effective resistance on $(G,c)$. For transient networks, the Dirac measure at $λ= 0$ contributes to the spectral resolution of the Friedrichs extension of $Δ_{\mathcal{E}}$ but not to that of the self-adjoint $\ell^2$ Laplacian.
In a previous paper by the first two authors, a tube formula for fractal sprays was obtained which also applies to a certain class of self-similar fractals. The proof of this formula uses distributional techniques and requires fairly strong conditions on the geometry of the tiling (specifically, the inner tube formula for each generator of the fractal spray is required to be polynomial). Now we extend and strengthen the tube formula by removing the conditions on the geometry of the generators, and also by giving a proof which holds pointwise, rather than distributionally. Hence, our results for fractal sprays extend to higher dimensions the pointwise tube formula for (1-dimensional) fractal strings obtained earlier by Lapidus and van Frankenhuijsen. Our pointwise tube formulas are expressed as a sum of the residues of the "tubular zeta function" of the fractal spray in $\mathbb{R}^d$. This sum ranges over the complex dimensions of the spray, that is, over the poles of the geometric zeta function of the underlying fractal string and the integers $0,1,...,d$. The resulting "fractal tube formulas" are applied to the important special case of self-similar tilings, but are also illustrated in other geometrically natural situations. Our tube formulas may also be seen as fractal analogues of the classical Steiner formula.
For a given pcf self-similar fractal, a certain network (weighted graph) is constructed whose ideal boundary is (homeomorphic to) the fractal. This construction is the first representation of a connected self-similar fractal as the boundary of a reversible Markov chain (i.e., a simple random walk on a network). The boundary construction is effected using certain functions of finite energy which behave like bump functions on the boundary. The random walk is shown to converge to the boundary almost surely, with respect to the standard measure on its trajectory space.
Motivated by potential theory on discrete spaces, we study a family of unbounded Hermitian operators in Hilbert space which generalize the usual graph-theoretic discrete Laplacian. These operators are discrete analogues of the classical conformal Laplacians and Hamiltonians from statistical mechanics. For an infinite discrete set $X$, we consider operators acting on Hilbert spaces of functions on $X$, and their representations as infinite matrices; the focus is on $\ell^2(X)$, and the energy space $\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal E}$. In particular, we prove that these operators are always essentially self-adjoint on $\ell^2(X)$, but may fail to be essentially self-adjoint on $\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal E}$. In the general case, we examine the von Neumann deficiency indices of these operators and explore their relevance in mathematical physics. Finally we study the spectra of the $\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal E}$ operators with the use of a new approximation scheme.
This paper studies the "energy space" $\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal{E}}$ (the Hilbert space of functions of finite energy, aka the Dirichlet-finite functions) on an infinite network (weighted connected graph), from the point of view of the multiplication operators $M_f$ associated to functions $f$ on the network. We show that the multiplication operators $M_f$ are not Hermitian unless $f$ is constant, and compute the adjoint $M_f^\star$ in terms of a reproducing kernel for $\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal{E}}$. A characterization of the bounded multiplication operators is given in terms of positive semidefinite functions, and we give some conditions on $f$ which ensure $M_f$ is bounded. Examples show that it is not sufficient that $f$ be bounded or have finite energy. Conditions for the boundedness of $M_f$ are also expressed in terms of the behavior of the simple random walk on the network. We also consider the bounded elements of $\mathcal{H}_{\mathcal{E}}$ and the (possibly unbounded) multiplication operators corresponding to them. In a previous paper, the authors used functional integration to construct a type of boundary for infinite networks. The boundary is described here in terms of a certain subalgebra of these multiplication operators, and is shown to embed into the Gel'fand space of that subalgebra. In the case when the only harmonic functions of finite energy are constant, we show that the Gel'fand space is the 1-point compactification of the underlying network.
We use the self-similar tilings constructed by the second author in "Canonical self-affine tilings by iterated function systems" to define a generating function for the geometry of a self-similar set in Euclidean space. This tubular zeta function encodes scaling and curvature properties related to the complement of the fractal set, and the associated system of mappings. This allows one to obtain the complex dimensions of the self-similar tiling as the poles of the tubular zeta function and hence develop a tube formula for self-similar tilings in \$\mathbb{R}^d$. The resulting power series in $ε$ is a fractal extension of Steiner's classical tube formula for convex bodies $K \ci \bRd$. Our sum has coefficients related to the curvatures of the tiling, and contains terms for each integer $i=0,1,...,d-1$, just as Steiner's does. However, our formula also contains terms for each complex dimension. This provides further justification for the term "complex dimension". It also extends several aspects of the theory of fractal strings to higher dimensions and sheds new light on the tube formula for fractals strings obtained in "Fractal Geometry and Complex Dimensions" by the first author and Machiel van Frankenhuijsen.
A resistance network is a connected graph $(G,c)$. The conductance function $c_{xy}$ weights the edges, which are then interpreted as resistors of possibly varying strengths. The relationship between the natural Dirichlet form $\mathcal E$ and the discrete Laplace operator $Δ$ on a finite network is given by $\mathcal E(u,v) = \la u, \Lap v\ra_2$, where the latter is the usual $\ell^2$ inner product. We extend this formula to infinite networks, where a new (boundary) term appears. The Laplace operator is typically unbounded in this context; we construct a reproducing kernel for the space of functions of finite energy which allows us to specify a dense domain for $Δ$ and give several criteria for the transience of the random walk on the network. The extended Gauss-Green identity and the reproducing kernel are the foundation for a boundary integral representation for harmonic functions of finite energy, akin to that of Martin boundary theory.
A resistance network is a connected graph $(G,c)$. The conductance function $c_{xy}$ weights the edges, which are then interpreted as conductors of possibly varying strengths. The Dirichlet energy form $\mathcal E$ produces a Hilbert space structure ${\mathcal H}_{\mathcal E}$ on the space of functions of finite energy. The relationship between the natural Dirichlet form $\mathcal E$ and the discrete Laplace operator $Δ$ on a finite network is given by $\mathcal E(u,v) = \la u, \Lap v\ra_2$, where the latter is the usual $\ell^2$ inner product. We describe a reproducing kernel $\{v_x\}$ for $\mathcal E$ and used it to extends the discrete Gauss-Green identity to infinite networks: \[{\mathcal E}(u,v) = \sum_{G} u Δv + \sum_{\operatorname{bd}G} u \tfrac{\partial}{\partial \mathbf{n}} v,\] where the latter sum is understood in a limiting sense, analogous to a Riemann sum. This formula immediately yields a boundary sum representation for the harmonic functions of finite energy. Techniques from stochastic integration allow one to make the boundary $\operatorname{bd}G$ precise as a measure space, and give a boundary integral representation (in a sense analogous to that of Poisson or Martin boundary theory). This is done in terms of a Gel'fand triple $S \ci {\mathcal H}_{\mathcal E} \ci S'$ and gives a probability measure $\mathbb{P}$ and an isometric embedding of ${\mathcal H}_{\mathcal E}$ into $L^2(S',\mathbb{P})$, and yields a concrete representation of the boundary as a set of linear functionals on $S$.