Impact of Plasmonic Modes and Thermophysical Properties on the Double-Pulse Structuring of Highly-Ordered LIPSS for Biosensing Applications
The fabrication of highly ordered laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on thin metallic films is dictated, predomaninatly, by a synergy of periodic electromagnetic energy deposition and complex fluid dynamics. In this work, we present a combined experimental and theoretical study on the formation of ultra-regular LIPSS on 32-nm-thick Au films using a double-pulse femtosecond laser scheme. We demonstrate that for thin films, the excitation of coupled Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPPs) at both interfaces dictates the initial energy distribution. On the othe hand, the final morphology is greatly influenced by hydrodynamical processes. Interestingly, due to the low electron-phonon coupling of Au and the high thermal confinement of the thin film, single-pulse irradiation leads to uncontrolled hydrodynamic instabilities a non uniform topographies. Thus, we demonstrate that a double-pulse approach with an optimized interpulse delay ({\Delta}{\tau}=1.2 ns) effectively controls the melt duration and viscosity, suppressing complex fluid motion and promoting the growth of highly ordered arrays. These structures support narrow surface lattice resonances (SLRs) suitable for high-sensitivity plasmonic biosensing.