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Fabio Pacucci

Publications and source records attributed to Fabio Pacucci.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv2026

From ASTRID to BRAHMA -- The role of overmassive black holes in little red dots in cosmological simulations

We investigate the origin of Little Red Dots (LRDs) using a realization of the BRAHMA cosmological hydrodynamic simulation that produces overmassive black holes at $z \sim 4\text{-}8$. We generate mock JWST observations by modeling galaxy spectral energy distributions (including dust attenuation) together with AGN emission using cloudy-based templates, and test whether such systems reproduce the observed LRD population. We consider both a standard low-redshift AGN emission model and a gas-enshrouded AGN emission model, in which the AGN is embedded within unresolved dense gas that produces a strong Balmer break, and find that LRDs emerge in significantly larger numbers with the latter model. Assuming that all AGN reside in this gas-enshrouded phase, we recover LRD number densities ($Φ\sim 2 \times 10^{-4}~\mathrm{Mpc}^{-3}$), close to the observed abundance. This implies an effective gas-enshrouded duty cycle approaching unity, which is not predicted by current theoretical models. Current JWST constraints on the high-z black hole mass function suggest that this tension may arise from a deficit of low-mass ($M_{\rm BH}\lesssim10^7~M_\odot$) LRDs in BRAHMA. Applying the same gas-enshrouded model to the ASTRID simulation, which lacks overmassive black holes, we find that the LRD abundance remains $\gtrsim2~\rm dex$ below observations. Overall, while the overmassive black holes in this BRAHMA realization substantially enhance the production of LRD-like systems, reproducing the observed LRD abundance requires them to reside in dense gas environments with unrealistically high duty cycles. We therefore conclude that overmassive black holes are unlikely to be the sole origin of the observed JWST LRD population, and may instead account for only a subset of these systems.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

Optical and Ultraviolet Emission from the Gas Photoionized by Gaia BH3: Archival Constraints and Predictions for the 2029 Periastron

Gaia BH3, a $32.7\,M_\odot$ black hole (BH) on an 11.6-yr, $e=0.73$ orbit around a metal-poor giant at $\approx590$ pc, accretes from its wind. Neither its mass-loss rate $\dot M_{\rm w}$ nor the fraction of captured gas reaching the BH is known. We ask whether optical and ultraviolet lines from gas photoionized by the hot flow are observable and what they reveal. Unlike X-ray and radio data, they count the ionizing photons the gas absorbs and trace its density and velocity. With Cloudy we compute the H$α$ and He II 4686 emission of the wind and inflow along the orbit for $\dot M_{\rm w}=10^{-11}$-$10^{-8}\,M_\odot\,{\rm yr^{-1}}$, Eddington ratios $f_{\rm Edd}=10^{-8}$-$10^{-5}$ and wind speeds of 30 (slow) and 100 km s$^{-1}$ (fast), and test each model against archival UVES and ESPRESSO spectra. $f_{\rm Edd}$ mainly sets the lines; in dense models they come from gas falling freely onto the BH, spread over thousands of km s$^{-1}$. The archival spectra exclude $\dot M_{\rm w}>2\times10^{-9}\,M_\odot\,{\rm yr^{-1}}$ at $f_{\rm Edd}=2\times10^{-6}$ and $>2.6\times10^{-10}\,M_\odot\,{\rm yr^{-1}}$ at $10^{-5}$ (95%, slow wind), Eddington ratios already excluded by the apastron Chandra limit, $f_{\rm Edd}<7.6\times10^{-7}$. Of two simulated campaigns, only 25 epochs around the 2029 periastron go beyond existing limits. For a slow wind, whose capture rate is constant, a $\ge5σ$ H$α$ detection would imply an accretion state 2-3 times above the 2024 limit. For a fast wind, whose captured fraction rises 14-fold toward periastron, the campaign detects $\dot M_{\rm w}\simeq10^{-8}\,M_\odot\,{\rm yr^{-1}}$ for $f_{\rm Edd}\gtrsim1.2\times10^{-6}$, which the apastron limit allows. Below the Chandra limit, a slow wind produces no detectable line.

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arXiv2026

The Dance of the Little Red Dots: Spectroscopy of Two Blue Companions at z = 3.9 and 5.5 Reveals Young, Metal-Poor Starbursts Merging with Their LRDs within a Few Hundred Myr

The Little Red Dots (LRDs) are compact, red sources, abundant at $4 \lesssim z \lesssim 9$ and likely powered by massive black holes. Photometric studies have found blue companions around them, but none has yet been confirmed spectroscopically. This Letter presents the only two LRD-companion pairs with spectroscopy of both members in the literature: "Waltz" at $z = 3.9$ and "Tango" at $z = 5.5$, with projected separations of $3.6$ and $2.5$ kpc. Both companions lie at the redshift of their LRD, within $132 \, \rm km \, s^{-1}$ and $57 \, \rm km \, s^{-1}$, and are physically identical, but $524$ Myr apart: starbursts $\lesssim 50$ Myr old, metal-poor ($0.2 \, \rm Z_\odot$), dust-free, dynamically cold, and as bright as the LRDs themselves in the rest-frame UV. The LRD in Waltz hosts a $\approx 3 \times 10^{6} \, \rm M_\odot$ black hole accreting at half the Eddington rate, a factor of a few above the birth mass of a direct collapse black hole, and is embedded in gas as metal-poor as its companion. Orbital modeling shows that Tango is bound in $81\%$ of the allowed orbits and that Waltz is bound if its host halo exceeds $5 \times 10^{10} \, \rm M_\odot$. Both blue companions then merge with their respective LRD within a few hundred Myr. We conclude that we are observing what heavy seeding requires: a young black hole beside the metal-poor starburst that the synchronized-pair scenario predicts, in the last steps of a cosmic dance that ends in a merger, and in a galaxy seeded by its black hole.

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arXiv2026

The lifetimes and properties of Little Red Dots in the AMBRA simulation

We identify and analyze the little red dots (LRDs) in the AMBRA cosmological hydrodynamic simulation, by producing mock observations of the galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGN) between redshifts 5 and 8. We produce these mock observations with both a standard AGN emission model, and a ``gas-enshrouded'' model, and find that the presence of a gas-enshrouded AGN is instrumental to the reproduction of dim LRDs (F444W magnitude $>$ 26.0). We find a steeper decrease in LRD density between $z=5$ and $z=8$ within AMBRA than seen in observations, resulting in a relative underproduction of LRDs beyond $z\sim6$ in AMBRA. With the addition of unresolved AGN variability, the decline with redshift flattens, and the LRD redshift evolution in AMBRA becomes broadly consistent with other theoretical datasets, and closer to that seen in observations. We find that the LRDs in AMBRA are pre-existing black hole--galaxy systems that are undergoing an LRD phase, selected primarily by the brightness of the AGN relative to its host. While the exact duration of these LRD phases is not possible to determine due to the unresolved nature of the AGN environment, we use the available time-series data to place limits on the lifetimes of the LRDs in AMBRA. We find that the vast majority of LRDs in AMBRA have lifetimes between $\sim3$ and $\sim 300$ Myr with LRD lifetime increasing with both black hole and host galaxy mass. The lower mass LRDs are more dependent on housing a gas-enshrouded AGN, and have shorter lifetimes ($\rm \sim30~Myr$). The higher mass LRDs are less sensitive to their AGN environment, but require more compact host galaxies, and have longer lifetimes ($\rm \sim100~Myr$).

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arXiv2026

More Numerous and Bluer: Companions of the Brightest Little Red Dots Differ from Control Galaxies at $>3σ$, Hinting at Synchronized Black Hole Seed Formation

The Little Red Dots (LRDs) are compact, red sources at $4 \lesssim z \lesssim 9$, likely powered by accreting massive black holes. Multiple studies have detected blue companions in their vicinity: we compare $253$ LRDs, uniformly selected across several JWST deep fields, against $>7000$ matched controls in the same mosaics. We find that $27.7\%$ of the brightest LRD quartile (in F444W) hosts a blue ($β<-1$) companion at $0.5-2$ kpc, versus $11.6\%$ of redshift-matched controls: a $\times 2.39$ excess, significant at $3.3σ$. Against controls additionally matched in brightness and compactness, the excess ratio is similar ($\times 2.17$), although constrained only at $1.4σ$ by the small size of that control pool. This phenomenon is limited to the brightest LRDs, as the full LRD sample pairs at a rate indistinguishable from controls. Moreover, the excess is confined to the close-pair window ($< 2$ kpc), outside which LRD environments are ordinary. Their companions are overwhelmingly ($92\%$) blue and significantly bluer than those of controls ($β\approx-2.32$ versus $-1.92$), rejecting a common parent distribution at $3.4σ$. The signal is thus directional in brightness, separation, and companion color, as expected for synchronized-pair seed formation. Therefore, we conclude that the association between the brightest LRDs and their close blue companions is physical, i.e., the two phenomena are causally connected: either one drives the other, or both emerge from the same synchronized formation event. A natural explanation is that the radiation from these young, star-forming neighbors enabled the direct collapse of the massive black holes powering the LRDs themselves.

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arXiv2026

Unified modelling of broad and narrow optical-UV emission lines from massive black holes: interpreting high-redshift JWST observations

JWST is uncovering a large population of active galactic nuclei (AGN) at high redshift, motivating the extension of models calibrated on local sources to a broader range of physical conditions. We present a consistent suite of broad- and narrow-line photoionisation models based on ionising spectra that vary with black-hole mass and Eddington ratio, spanning sub- to super-Eddington accretion. For the broad-line region (BLR), we investigate the detectability of low-mass accreting black holes. At z=6, broad Hα may be detectable down to $M_{BH}\approx10^{5.7} M\odot$ for a BH accreting at the Eddington limit under favourable assumptions. We derive line-to-accretion-luminosity corrections, with hydrogen and helium recombination lines providing more robust tracers than metal lines. We also explore which changes in black-hole properties and BLR conditions can contribute to the large Hα equivalent widths, elevated Balmer decrements, and weak high-ionisation lines observed in some high-redshift sources, finding that variations in BLR structure can substantially modify the emergent spectrum. For the narrow-line region (NLR), Hα and [O III] λ5007 are among the most promising tracers of low-mass accreting black holes, probing $M_{BH}\approx10^{5.5} M\odot$ at the Eddington limit. Many classical diagnostic diagrams miss low-metallicity AGN; we identify alternative UV and optical diagnostics that more robustly separate AGN from Pop. II and Pop. III stellar photoionisation over the conditions explored. Nevertheless, NLR line ratios are driven primarily by metallicity and ionisation parameter, with only a weak dependence on black-hole mass and Eddington ratio. Looking ahead, these models are intended for Bayesian interpretation of JWST spectra and connection to cosmological simulations through physically motivated priors.

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arXiv2026

MEOW: The increase in the obscured AGN fraction in mid-infrared from 0 < z < 6 with JWST MIRI

Obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN) are often invoked to explain the rapid emergence of young quasars at high redshift and are crucial for building a complete census of AGN activity and black hole growth. The advent of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) extends the discovery space for obscured AGN into the mid-infrared (mid-IR) with unprecedented precision through reprocessed dust emission. In this work, we use deep JWST Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) imaging from the MIRI Early Obscured AGN Wide Survey (MEOW), together with existing JWST Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam), spectroscopic, and Hubble Space Telescope imaging data, to identify a previously unrecognized population of obscured AGN out to z ~ 6. Using spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling of the MIRI-detected sources, we identify 883 AGN over an area of ~ 131 arcmin2 and construct the AGN bolometric luminosity function, including both obscured and unobscured sources, across five redshift bins. We find an excess in AGN abundance relative to UV-selected AGN luminosity functions, indicating a substantial obscured population missed by optical/UV surveys, with the inferred obscured fraction increasing with redshift and reaching ~ 98-99% in our highest-redshift bin, 4.5 < z < 6. We also find higher AGN abundances and obscured fractions than X-ray-based studies, consistent with a previously unrecognized population of heavily obscured, Compton-thick AGN revealed by mid-IR selection. These results suggest that a large fraction of supermassive black hole growth at early times occurs during heavily obscured phases largely inaccessible at other wavelengths.

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arXiv2026

AGN-DB: A Unified Multi-Wavelength Database of Active Galactic Nuclei

We present the Active Galactic Nuclei Database (AGN-DB), a comprehensive, multi-wavelength catalog compiled from more than 100 publicly available AGN catalogs and samples released by the end of 2025, spanning radio to $γ$-ray wavelengths. The database contains approximately 8.1 million unique sources, approximately 7.8 million of which remain after flagging stellar contaminants, and approximately 6.8 million of these are classified as AGN. Source cross-matching across catalogs is performed using Lyra, a Bayesian likelihood-ratio framework that jointly considers positional uncertainties, source densities, and photometric information to compute posterior match probabilities. The resulting catalog provides astrometric coordinates, redshifts, photometry, and classifications for each unique source. All multi-catalog provenance is preserved. For every property, we store the full array of values and originating catalog identifiers, enabling multi-epoch and multi-survey analyses. In this paper, we describe the AGN-DB pipeline, including the cross-matching methodology, and present the statistical properties of the v1.0 catalog. AGN-DB is designed to enable population studies, spectral energy distribution modeling, AGN classification, and variability analyses at an unprecedented scale. Its pipeline is designed to facilitate the integration of new catalogs, allowing AGN-DB to be updated regularly, with releases planned at least annually.

astro-ph.GA↗
arXiv2026

Revisiting the Claim for a Direct-Collapse Black Hole in UHZ1 at $z=10.05$

We reassess the direct collapse black hole (DCBH) interpretation of UHZ1 (UNCOVER-26185), a gravitationally lensed galaxy at $z_\mathrm{spec}=10.054$. That interpretation rests on a hard ($2-7$ keV) X-ray excess detected with Chandra, attributed to a Compton-thick AGN with an inferred $2-10$ keV luminosity of $L_\mathrm{X,int}\sim10^{46}~\mathrm{erg~s^{-1}}$ (Bogdan et al. 2024). The resulting extreme X-ray to rest-frame optical-IR ratio was taken as the hallmark signature of an "outsize black hole galaxy" at cosmic dawn. We analyse the full 2.2 Ms Chandra imaging dataset -- including 0.95 Ms of unpublished observations -- and present new JWST/MIRI photometry at $λ_\mathrm{obs}>5~μ\mathrm{m}$. Across the full range of plausible Chandra data reductions, the $2-7$ keV excess at the position of UHZ1 reaches a significance of only $2.0-2.9σ$; the originally reported $4.2-4.4σ$ detection is sensitive to the specific astrometric alignment adopted and is not robustly reproducible. Moreover, the hard X-ray signal does not grow with the additional exposure, contrary to expectations for a steady source, indicating that any excess is not persistent. UHZ1 is also undetected in all nine MIRI imaging bands. Fitting red/obscured AGN SED templates to the tightest MIRI upper limit, we constrain the bolometric luminosity of any buried AGN to $L_\mathrm{bol}<1.3\times10^{45}~\mathrm{erg~s^{-1}}$. These conclusions are further supported by independent JWST spectroscopy (Alvarez-Marquez et al. 2026), which reveals no AGN signatures in the rest-frame UV or optical. Taken together, the multiwavelength data paint a consistent picture of UHZ1 as a low-mass, metal-poor, star-forming galaxy in the early Universe, with no compelling evidence for a luminous obscured AGN, regardless of its proposed formation channel.

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arXiv2026

Skyfire: A Spectroscopic Census of Little Red Dots and Broad-Line AGN in the CEERS Field

We present the Skyfire program, a 21-hour Cycle 3 JWST/NIRSpec survey with the G395M medium-resolution grating covering five pointings in the Extended Groth Strip. The survey is designed to carry out a systematic census of faint, broad-line AGN candidates with a range of rest-optical colors identified at z > 3 by the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey. Our primary targets include photometrically-selected Little Red Dots (LRDs), blue extreme emission line galaxies (EELGs), and X-ray-detected AGN. We present spectroscopic redshifts for 178 sources observed by Skyfire, as well as a catalog of 34 sources with broad emission lines in the redshift range 2.7 < z < 6.5. Our broad-line sample includes 18 LRDs, which brings the spectroscopic completeness of LRDs with $β_{\rm opt}>-0.02$ in the CEERS field to 73%. We explore the prevalence of broad emission lines in photometrically-selected LRDs as a function of their rest-frame continuum slope and observed color distributions. We find the broad-line detection fraction in LRDs remains high at relatively blue rest-optical colors and extends smoothly into the bluer regime occupied by Little Blue Dots (LBDs). We discuss the implications of this finding for LRD-LBD unification scenarios. We also find that only 18% (3/17) of EELGs selected primarily for their high-equivalent-width emission lines and compact morphologies exhibit broad emission lines, suggesting these criteria alone are poor predictors of broad-line activity. We present a revised set of LRD selection criteria that captures bluer sources by extending down to $β_{\rm opt}=-0.52$. Using this new threshold, we find that $80.9^{+4.6}_{-7.5}\%$ of photometrically-selected LRDs brighter than 26.5 in F444W show broad emission lines and that LRDs make up 54% of the overall broad-line population identified in the CEERS field.

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arXiv2026

Lynx2030 Science Analysis Group: Final Report

The Lynx2030 Science Analysis Group (SAG) was convened to reassess the scientific goals and technical drivers of the Lynx mission concept amid a rapidly evolving astrophysics landscape. Building on the original Lynx Concept Study, the SAG examined how recent discoveries, emerging facilities, and advances in instrumentation influence the scientific opportunities for a next-generation flagship X-ray observatory. Through focused working groups, the SAG investigated the scientific impact of enhanced capabilities: (i) improved angular resolution, (ii) broader bandpass coverage, (iii) an enhanced microcalorimeter, (iv) new capabilities and observing modes, and (v) larger fields of view. Across a broad range of topics, from the formation of the first black holes and the evolution of galaxies to the baryon cycle, compact objects, stellar explosions, multi-messenger astrophysics, and the dynamic high-energy Universe, the SAG finds that the scientific motivation for a Lynx-class observatory remains compelling and, in many areas, has significantly strengthened over the past decade, prominently through JWST's discovery of the "Little Red Dots", likely massive accreting black holes in infant galaxies whose nature is fundamentally an X-ray question. This report shows that modest extensions beyond the original Lynx design reference mission can unlock transformative science while preserving the observatory's core architecture. Powerful current and future facilities such as Roman, Rubin, JWST, SKA, ngVLA, LISA, and NewAthena highlight the unique role a high-angular-resolution, high-throughput X-ray observatory would play in the multi-wavelength and multi-messenger ecosystem of the 2030s and beyond. The findings of the Lynx2030 SAG confirm Lynx's central vision: an unprecedented view of the hot and energetic Universe, enabling discoveries that will define high-energy astrophysics in the coming decades.

astro-ph.IM↗
arXiv2026

How can we finally see the first light? Status and perspective in the search for Population III stars

Finding the first (Population III or Pop III) stars is one of the fundamental quests of astronomy, aiming to deliver the missing link in how stars form at early cosmic times. Yet their initial mass function, formation sites and feedback remain highly uncertain, as well as the timing and topology of the transition to metal-enriched star formation. The observability of their peculiar spectral features is also debated, due to their short lifetime and faintness. This review summarizes current theoretical expectations for Pop III star formation, and the main observational strategies that have been adopted to constrain their properties across cosmic time, including near-field cosmology studies, direct searches for extremely metal-poor star-forming complexes and/or hard-ionizing spectral signatures at high and intermediate redshifts, and prospects for identifying Pop III activity up to Cosmic Dawn. The combination of JWST spectroscopy, time-domain searches, lensing surveys, stellar archaeology, absorption-line studies, as well as improved simulations, is yielding a growing number of observational candidates and narrowing the allowed parameter space for the first stars, setting the stage for a ``golden era'' of Pop III searches.

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arXiv2026

The emergence of X-ray emission lines during relativistic radio-jet formation in the changing-look active galactic nucleus 1ES 1927+654

We present results from a comprehensive multi-wavelength monitoring campaign of the changing-look active galactic nucleus 1ES 1927+654 during the onset and evolution of a relativistic radio jet $\sim$(May 2022 - August 2025), using observations from XMM-Newton, Swift, TNG, ZTF, VLA, and VLBA. The soft X-ray emission lines at $\sim 0.56$ keV and $\sim 1$ keV have appeared with variable strength and width during the formation of the nascent jet. We note that the $\sim 1$ keV feature has been persisting since the post-2017 flare phase. We also report the detection of a broad ($\sim 800$ eV) FeK emission feature at $(6-7)$ keV in the $\sim 70$ ks stacked EPIC-pn spectra, marking the first such detection, which historically was lacking in this source. The joint spectral fitting of XMM-Newton EPIC-pn and RGS data reveals the presence of ionized absorbers in 2022 ($\log{ξ\mathrm{/erg\ cm\ s^{-1}}}\sim 1.5\pm 0.3$, $\mathrm{N_H} \sim 2.5\pm 0.9\times 10^{20} \mathrm{cm^{-2}}$), but weaker than that detected during the high accretion state in 2018 (Eddington ratio, $λ_{\rm Edd}>1$). The absorption features further weakened in 2023-2025 and were marginally detectable ($\mathrm{N_H} \le 10^{20}\mathrm{cm^{-2}}$). The entire scenario is suggestive of a real-time transition of the accretion flow (from $λ_{\rm Edd}>1$ to $λ_{\rm Edd}\sim 0.3$) during which the winds become weaker and the jet starts to form and evolve. Furthermore, both the soft X-ray $(0.3-2)$ keV and 5 GHz radio fluxes, which increased by factors of $\sim 10$ and $\sim 60$, respectively, since 2022, have recently plateaued at elevated levels, indicating a stabilized accretion disk, corona, and jet configuration.

astro-ph.HE↗
arXiv2026

Early Exploration of the Scientific Discovery Space for the Habitable Worlds Observatory

The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) is a future NASA flagship mission concept identified by the Astro2020 Decadal Survey as the highest priority for large space missions. HWO should conduct "transformative astrophysics" and search for biosignatures in the atmospheres of approximately 25 potentially Earth-like planets. To further the early-stage development of HWO, NASA formed the Science, Technology, Architecture Review Team (START). In turn, START invited the scientific community to join working groups to explore the potential discovery space. In this paper, we present 70 science cases that resulted from this process. The cases address four scientific pillars: growth of galaxies (15 cases), evolution of the elements (13 cases), solar systems in context (32 cases), and living worlds (10 cases). Combined, they would address 27 of the 30 science questions and discovery areas identified by Astro2020. The 140 observing programs needed for the 70 investigations encompass a rich variety of spectroscopic (for 87% of science cases) and photometric (for 30%) observations extending from the UV to the NIR. Additionally, high-contrast and polarimetric capabilities would be needed for 34% and 27% of science cases, respectively. Access to UV wavelengths is critical: 83% of science cases need data at wavelengths <400 nm, and 26% extend to <100 nm. In the NIR, 26% of science cases need observations at wavelengths >=2000 nm. Pursuing the full portfolio of science would also necessitate precise astrometry for planet mass measurement, rapid response capabilities, a large instantaneous field of regard, non-sidereal tracking, saturation mitigation strategies, and high dynamic range.

astro-ph.IM↗
arXiv2026

Prevailing thermally-pulsing-asymptotic-giant branch stars in the near-infrared rest-frame spectra of distant quiescent galaxies: towards robust galaxy ages and masses

We recently reported the discovery of prominent features from the thermally pulsing asymptotic-giant-branch (TP-AGB) phase in the rest-frame near-infrared of a massive quiescent galaxy (QG) at z~1 observed with the JWST, which provides strong constraints on population synthesis (SPS) models. Here we extend this analysis to 27 JWST/NIRSpec PRISM spectra of QGs at z>1 from GO-5019 and CEERS, with signal-to-noise ratios of ~100 (15/27) and ~50 (12/27), respectively. Each spectrum is modeled with three SPS models: the latest Maraston (M13) models with a sizable TP-AGB phase, and widely-used Bruzual & Charlot 2003 (BC03) and Conroy & Gunn 2009 (C09) models, both with weaker TP-AGB contributions. M13 generally provides the best overall fit and the most consistency between the optical and the NIR. Only M13 yields consistent ages from separate fits to the optical, the NIR and the full wavelength ranges. Compared to BC03 and C09, M13 yields systematically younger mass-weighted ages (by <500 Myr) hence lower stellar masses (by <0.2 dex). All models favor super-solar (Z/Z_sun>1.5) metallicities. Signal-to-noise-weighted stacked spectra reveal that TP-AGB-related features are strongest in galaxies with mass-weighted ages of t=0.4-1.8 Gyr, consistent with the predicted peak TP-AGB contribution in M13. Further sample subdivisions show that these features are most pronounced in high-mass, dusty, and metal-rich systems. These results support a significant contribution from TP-AGB stars to the NIR spectra of high-redshift, intermediate-age galaxies and pave the way towards improved spectral population synthesis modeling and robust stellar ages and masses.

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arXiv2026

Hunting Wandering 3<z<8 Black Holes: Spatial Offsets in Ionization Ratio and Continuum Emission

The early growth and assembly of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) remain key topics of interest in galaxy evolution. One of the scenarios predicted by theoretical models is that frequent minor mergers and asymmetric gas inflows may cause SMBHs to temporarily reside off-center within their host galaxies in the early universe. To observationally test this scenario, we investigate whether spatially offset ionization signatures-which may be indicative of active galactic nuclei (AGN)-can be identified. Using JWST NIRSpec PRISM spectroscopy from the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) survey, we analyze the 2D spectra of 90 high-redshift galaxies (3 < z < 8), including two known broad-line AGN. By measuring key emission lines such as Hα, Hβ, [OIII]λ5007, [NeIII]λ3868, and [OII]λλ3727, 3729 we derive spatial flux ratio profiles, and focus on [OIII]/Hβ as a tracer of high-ionization mechanisms that may indicate AGN activity. We identify 26 galaxies (~30% of the sample) with significant localized peaks in [OIII]/Hβ. Out of these 26 galaxies, 12 sources (~46%) exhibit significant spatial offsets between the peak [OIII]/Hβ ratio and the stellar continuum center. Six of these sources show the highest amount (> 1.5) pixel spatial offsets. This spatial offset between ionization structure and stellar centers offers a promising avenue to probe early SMBH evolution and its connection to galaxy formation.

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arXiv2026

Constraining Disk-to-Corona Power Transfer Fraction, Soft X-ray Excess Origin, and Black Hole Spin Population of Type-1 AGN across Mass Scales

Understanding the nature of the accretion disk, its interplay with the X-ray corona, and assessing black hole spin demographics remain open challenges in astrophysics. In this paper, we examine the predictions of the standard $α$-disk model, origin of the puzzling soft X-ray excess, and measure the black hole spin parameter by applying an updated high-density disk reflection model to the XMM-Newton/NuSTAR broadband (0.3$-$78 keV) X-ray spectra of a sample of 11 Type-1 AGN. Our Bayesian analysis confirms that a variable-density relativistic disk reflection model with a broken power-law emissivity profile can simultaneously fit the soft X-ray excess, broad iron K line emission, and Compton hump in 3 out of 11 AGN. For the remaining sources, a distinct warm Comptonization component is still required, which supports a hybrid origin for the soft X-ray excess. The measured temperature and optical depth of the warm corona span nearly the entire theoretically allowed range, with median values of $0.43_{-0.18}^{+0.40}$ keV and $12.5_{-3.9}^{+3.1}$, respectively. Our first systematic calculation of the disk-to-corona power transfer fraction reveals that the fraction of power released from the accretion disk into the hot corona spans a wide range, with a sample median of $0.68_{-0.25}^{+0.25}$. The sample median values for the hot coronal plasma temperature and optical depth are $54_{-12}^{+11}$ keV and $0.98_{-0.28}^{+0.22}$, respectively. Finally, through both hard X-ray (3$-$78 keV) and broadband (0.3$-$78 keV) relativistic reflection spectroscopy, we systematically constrain the black hole spin parameter across the mass scales of $\log(M_{\rm BH}/M_{\odot}) \sim 5.5-9.0$, thereby increasing or refining the available spin measurements in the AGN population by $\sim$20%.

astro-ph.HE↗
arXiv2026

The MIRI Early Obscured-AGN Wide Survey (MEOW): A Population of Hidden AGN at $z \gtrsim 5$ Revealed by JWST/MIRI Imaging

We present the MIRI Early Obscured-AGN Wide Survey (MEOW), a JWST/MIRI imaging survey designed to detect dust-obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN) across cosmic time, with a particular focus on the high-redshift universe at $z \gtrsim 5$. MEOW observes the GOODS-N and GOODS-S fields with 43 pointings covering 95 arcmin$^2$ with the F1000W and F2100W filters, reaching depths of 0.5 and 3.6 $μ$Jy ($5σ$), respectively. Using spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling combining MEOW photometry with archival HST, JWST/NIRCam, and SCUBA-2 data, we identify a sample of 16 MIRI-selected AGN at $z = 4.5$--$7.2$ (12 spectroscopically confirmed), spanning bolometric luminosities of $L_{\rm bol} = 10^{44.6}$--$10^{46.4}$~erg~s$^{-1}$. Twelve of the 16 AGN are newly identified in this work, including at least five narrow-line AGN representing the obscured population to which broad-line spectroscopic searches are insensitive. Two broad-line AGN exhibit markedly different mid-infrared emission properties, consistent with one being a little red dot (LRD) and the other either a typical AGN or an LRD with unusually strong hot-dust emission. The MIRI-selected AGN bolometric luminosity function at $z = 4.5$--$6$ yields number densities comparable to those of broad-line AGN and LRDs, suggesting that obscured AGN contribute significantly to the total AGN census at these epochs. The narrow-line AGN reside in diverse host environments, with evidence for both circumnuclear and host-galaxy-scale obscuration, pointing to multiple physical mechanisms at work. These results establish JWST/MIRI imaging as an indispensable component of a multi-faceted approach to a complete census of early supermassive black hole growth.

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