Thriving at high hydrostatic pressure: the example of ammonoids (extinct cephalopods)
Ammonoids are a group of extinct mollusks belonging to the same class of the living genus Nautilus (Cephalopoda). In both Nautili and ammonoids, the (usually planospiral) shell is divided into chambers separated by septa that during the lifetime were filled with gas at atmospheric pressure. The intersection of septa with the external shell generates a curve called the suture line, which in living and most fossil Nautili is fairly uncomplicated. In contrast, suture lines of ancient ammonoid were gently curved and during the evolution of the group became highly complex, in some cases so extensively frilled to be considerable as fractal curves. Numerous theories have been put forward to explain the complexity of suture ammonoid lines. Calculations presented here lend support to the hypothesis that complex suture lines aided in counteracting the effect of the external water pressure. Additionally, it is found that complex suture lines diminished shell shrinkage caused by water pressure, and thus aided improve buoyancy. Understanding the reason for complex sutures in ammonoids does not only represent an important issue in paleobiology, but is also a challenging problem in the resistance of complex mechanical structures subjected to high pressure.