Body-of-Revolution Finite-Element Model of Plasmon-Enhanced Fluorescence
Plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF) is one of the most widely investigated optical phenomena in hybrid systems of emitters and plasmonic nanoantennas, with applications ranging from biosensing to single-molecule emission microscopy. In this work, we extend finite-element modelling of PEF beyond spherically symmetric geometries using a body-of-revolution finite-element method (BOR-FEM). By exploiting exact or equivalent rotational symmetry, 3D emitter-nanoantenna systems are reduced to computationally efficient 2D formulations while retaining the essential electromagnetic interactions governing excitation and emission. We validate the framework against three previously investigated emitter-nanorod systems, including one requiring an equivalent axisymmetric geometric transformation, before applying it to an emitter-core-shell nanorod system. Specifically, we investigate the PEF of the terminal chlorophyll emitter of the major plant light-harvesting complex (LHCII), the most abundant membrane protein on Earth, interacting with a gold core-dielectric shell nanorod with one or two dielectric shells. The simulations reveal that the interplay between excitation enhancement, radiative-rate enhancement, and non-radiative Ohmic losses gives rise to four distinct shell-thickness-dependent operating regimes (quenching, enhancement, suppression, and decoupling), with recovery of the intrinsic quantum yield in the decoupling regime. The predicted enhancement factors for experimentally relevant dual-shell nanorods agree well with previously reported measurements. These results establish BOR-FEM as an efficient and versatile framework for modelling PEF in rotationally-symmetric nanoantenna geometries and in non-axisymmetric geometries that admit equivalent axisymmetric representations, providing a practical route for the rational design and optimisation of plasmon-enhanced bio-nanophotonic systems.