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Farzad Milani

Publications and source records attributed to Farzad Milani.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

A smooth BTZ black bounce with an extremal null throat

We study a static, circularly symmetric deformation of the non-rotating BTZ black hole obtained by inserting a smooth transition function into the \emph{inverse} radial metric component, $g^{rr}=S_δ(r)F(r)$ with $S_δ=\tanh[(r-r_h)/δ]$, leaving $g_{tt}=-F$ untouched. This was motivated by the proposal that such a construction realizes a Lorentzian-to-Riemannian signature change at the horizon; we show that it does not. In coordinates $r-r_h=q^2$ with an advanced time, the metric extends real-analytically across $r=r_h$, and the extension is Lorentzian: $q=0$ is a regular null hypersurface, a degenerate Killing horizon with vanishing surface gravity, beyond which lies a second, isometric copy of the exterior. The areal radius has a minimum there, so the geometry is a black bounce; the would-be Riemannian branch is a separate geometry the Lorentzian sector never reaches. We give the effective source in closed form, an invariant account of the energy conditions, and identify the near-throat geometry as AdS$_2\times S^1$. The scalar effective potential is proven strictly positive for every mode, and the throat circle is a minimal surface whose length gives an entropy $πr_h/2G$, reproduced independently by the Wald--Noether charge and by a Cardy estimate from the computed Brown--York mass -- concordant results for which no first law is available since $κ=0$. The throat carries an Aretakis-type instability, with a conserved leading transverse derivative and a linearly growing subleading one. We also record a negative result: smoothing $g_{tt}$ instead, as in the Lorentzian-Euclidean Schwarzschild proposal, is singular at the horizon for any finite smoothing width. We state explicitly what the construction does not establish.

gr-qc

Smooth Signature Change as a Mechanism for Singularity Avoidance in BTZ Black Holes

Spacetime singularities represent a fundamental challenge in classical general relativity, prompting investigations into mechanisms that could resolve or avoid them. The paradigm of \emph{signature change}, where the metric transitions from Lorentzian to Euclidean signature across the horizon, offers a geometric approach to singularity resolution. However, previous implementations based on the discontinuous sign function $\varepsilon(r)$ encounter mathematical inconsistencies in distributional curvature and lead to complex-valued metrics in regular coordinate systems. In this work, we introduce a novel, mathematically rigorous framework for signature-changing black holes by replacing $\varepsilon(r)$ with a smooth, real transition function $\mathcal{S}_δ(r) = \tanh[(r-r_h)/δ]$. We develop this framework within the analytically tractable $(2+1)$-dimensional Bañados-Teitelboim-Zanelli (BTZ) geometry. The resulting metric is globally smooth and real for any $δ> 0$. We prove it satisfies $R_{μν}=0$ identically, confirming it as a vacuum solution without surface layers. Curvature invariants remain finite everywhere. Geodesic analysis reveals that radially infalling observers require infinite proper time to reach the horizon, implementing the \emph{atemporality} mechanism quantitatively. We further establish the physical robustness of the solution by demonstrating its linear stability against gravitational perturbations, well-defined propagation of quantum scalar fields, and preservation of standard BTZ thermodynamics for external observers. Our smooth-transition framework resolves the foundational issues of prior distributional approaches and provides a consistent, computationally tractable model for signature change as a mechanism for classical singularity avoidance.

gr-qc

Gravitational Wave Backreaction in $f(R,G)$ Gravity

We develop a complete framework for gravitational wave propagation and backreaction in $f(R,G)$ modified gravity. Using a scalar-tensor formulation with two auxiliary fields, we derive the effective energy-momentum tensor for high-frequency gravitational waves, extending the Isaacson formalism to incorporate the coupled dynamics of the two scalar degrees of freedom arising from the Ricci scalar and Gauss-Bonnet terms. Applying our formalism to the concrete model $f(R,G) = R + αR^2 + βG$ with dimensionless coupling $\tildeβ = βH_{\text{inf}}^2$, we identify three observational signatures: (i) a stochastic background $Ω_{GW}(f)$ too faint for direct detection; (ii) a frequency-dependent phase shift $Δϕ(f) \propto \tildeβ f$ detectable for $\tildeβ \gtrsim 10^{-9}$ via matched filtering of binary inspirals; and (iii) amplitude damping $δh/h \propto \tildeβ f \ln(1+z)$ reaching the percent level for $\tildeβ \sim 10^{-8}$, constrainable by multi-messenger standard sirens. These results show that $f(R,G)$ gravity makes testable predictions for next-generation observatories, improving constraints on the Gauss-Bonnet coupling by 28 orders of magnitude over current bounds. The framework developed here provides a foundation for studying modified gravity through gravitational wave observations.

gr-qc

Non-singular Bouncing Cosmology in $f(R,G,T)$--Quintom model

We present a unified framework for non-singular bouncing cosmologies in modified gravity, combining $f(R,G,T)$ geometry with quintom scalar dynamics in a flat FLRW universe. While single-field models achieve phantom divide line (PDL) crossing and stable bounces, our $f(R,G,T)$-quintom coupling provides a novel implementation of a \textit{double} PDL crossing of $ω_{\text{eff}}$ during the bounce. We address stability concerns through Hamiltonian analysis, showing that FLRW symmetry constraints suppress Ostrogradsky instabilities by reducing higher-derivative terms to metric invariant. The scalar field equation of motion is explicitly derived, confirming cancellation of pathological modes. Numerical reconstruction of five $f(R,G,T)$ models confirms non-singular bounces with $ρ_{\text{eff}}>0$ and $c_s^2 \geq 0$, alongside parametric control over energy condition violations. Our work extends prior studies by: (1) unifying early-time bounce dynamics with late-time dark energy, (2) demonstrating a novel double-PDL crossing signature compatible with FLRW stability, and (3) establishing explicit ghost-free criteria for higher-derivative terms.

gr-qc

Bouncing Theory in the Modified $f(R,G,T)$ Gravity

In this study, we explore the dynamics of the universe using a modified gravity model represented by $f(R, G, T)$, where $R$ is the Ricci scalar, $G$ is the Gauss-Bonnet invariant, and $T$ is the trace of the stress-energy tensor. The model incorporates two scalar fields and is analyzed within a flat Friedmann-Lema\^ıtre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) universe. We derive the equations of motion, energy-momentum tensor components, energy density, and pressure while establishing conservation laws. Using the Einstein field equations, we obtain modified Friedmann equations and simplify their solutions. We emphasize crossing the phantom divide line (PDL) of the equation of state (EoS) parameter and reversing the scale factor and Hubble parameter at $t = 0$ to resolve the singularity problem by proposing a bouncing cosmology, thereby exploring early universe dynamics without an initial singularity. By analyzing five samples $f(R, G, T)$ models, we reconstruct their effective energy density and pressure, demonstrating the significance of crossing the PDL. Our framework generalizes other theories, including conformally modified Weyl gravity, and is validated through numerical calculations and graphical results.

gr-qc

Modified $f(R,G,T)$ Gravity in the Quintom model, and Inflation

In this paper, I consider a $f(R, G, T)$ modified gravity model where $R$ represents the Ricci scalar, $G$ denotes the Gauss-Bonnet invariant, and $T$ signifies the trace of the stress-energy tensor. This model is coupled with two distinct types of scalar fields. In the flat Friedmann-Lema\^ıtre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) universe, the necessary conditions for a successful bounce are achieved. Under these circumstances, it is demonstrated that the equation of state (EoS) parameter cannot cross the phantom divider when only the inflaton scalar field is considered. Appropriate conditions to preserve the conservation of energy law are obtained. The absence of radiation domination is confirmed by referencing one of the collections of the Planck 2018 report. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that this is a general model, encompassing other models such as Weyl conformal geometry and the inflation epoch. Numerical calculations and graphs are used to confirm the results.

gr-qc

Investigation of Bouncing Universe and Phantom Crossing in Modified Gravity Coupled with Weyl Tensor and its Reconstruction

In this study, FRW cosmology in modified gravity containing arbitrary function $f(R)$ is taken into consideration when our action are coupled with Weyl tensor. It is indicated that the bouncing solution emerges in the model while the equation of state (EoS) parameter crosses the phantom divider. In this research, cosmological usage of the most promising candidates of dark energy in the framework of $f(R)$ theory coupled by Weyl tensor is explored. A $f(R)$ gravity model in the spatially flat FRW universe according to the ordinary version of the holographic dark energy model, which describes accelerated expansion of the universe is reconstructed. The equation of state parameter of the corresponding Weyl gravity models are obtained as well. We conclude that the holographic and Weyl gravity models can behave like phantom or quintessence models, whereas the equation of state parameter of the models can transit from quintessence state to phantom regime as shown recent observations.

physics.gen-ph