Microcanonical Operator Spectrum, BPS Chaos and Free Probability Theory
Matrix elements of simple operators are central to thermalization in chaotic quantum many-body systems. Their moments are often described statistically through the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis. In this paper, we study a more refined characterization of these matrix elements: the eigenspectrum of simple operators once projected to microcanonical energy windows. The spectrum encodes all moments of the matrix elements at once, and is particularly relevant when the spectrum of the Hamiltonian is degenerate. Assuming that the eigenbasis of the simple operator is Haar-randomly oriented with respect to that of the Hamiltonian, we prove that the spectrum of an operator projected to a small microcanonical window obeys Gaussian random matrix statistics. We do this directly by studying the probability distribution inherited from the random orientation, as well as using tools from Free Probability Theory. We discuss the implications for BPS chaos and more generally for eigenstate thermalization.