arXiv2026
Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a complex semisimple Lie algebra and, for a dominant integral weight $λ$, let $Θ_λ$ be the multiplicity-free sum of the weights of the irreducible module $V(λ)$. The $Θ_μ$ form a $\mathbb{Z}$-basis of the $W$-invariants, so there are unique integers $a(μ,λ)$, the atomic numbers, with $\mathrm{ch}\,V(λ) = \sum_μa(μ,λ)Θ_μ$ over dominant $μ$. We ask when they are nonnegative. They are the Moebius transform of the weight-multiplicity function on the dominant-weight poset, which the crosscut theorem turns into an alternating sum of at most $2^{\mathrm{rank}\,Φ}$ multiplicities indexed by subsets of the covers of $μ$ in $[μ,λ]$. We prove that $a(μ,λ)\ge 0$ whenever every connected component of the Dynkin diagram is a path, and identify the coefficient with the dimension of an explicit weight space: it is cut out of $V(λ)$ by alternately taking kernels of raising operators and cokernels of lowering operators, one per cover, in order along the path. Type $D_4$ shows the hypothesis is necessary. Put $β= α_1 + 2α_2 + 2α_3 + 2α_4$; for every dominant $μ$ with $\langleμ,α_2^\vee\rangle = 1$ and $μ+β$ dominant, $a(μ,μ+β)$ is $-2$ if $\langleμ,α_1^\vee\rangle = 0$ and $-1$ otherwise. Restriction to the support of $λ-μ$ carries this family into every irreducible type with a trivalent node. Thus an irreducible finite root system has all atomic numbers nonnegative exactly when its Dynkin diagram is a path, namely in types $A_n$, $B_n$, $C_n$, $F_4$, $G_2$. Deep in the dominant chamber, in an explicit range, $a(μ,λ)$ is the Kostant partition number of $λ-μ$ for the nonsimple positive roots; negative atomic numbers are therefore confined to boundary slabs.