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Fen Zuo

Publications and source records attributed to Fen Zuo.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Deterministic Preparation of Arbitrary Spin Eigenfunctions

Quantum states with conserved total spins, or spin eigenfunctions, are important for studying quantum chemistry and quantum manybody physics problems. A typical class of spin eigenfunctions are Dicke states, which attain maximal spins. While we already have many efficient quantum algorithms to prepare Dicke states, it is not yet clear if we could do so for arbitrary spin eigenfunctions deterministically. Generalizing B\"{a}rtschi and Eidenbenz's elegant algorithms for Dicke state preparation, we successfully prepare arbitrary spin eigenfunctions characterized by branching paths and binary spin trees. As a byproduct, we also develop the corresponding classical algorithms to reconstruct all these spin states.

quant-ph

Testing APS conjecture on regular graphs

The maximum energy of the EPR model on a weighted graph is known to be upper-bounded by the sum of the total weight and the value of maximum-weight fractional matching~(MWFM). Recently, Apte, Parekh and Sud~(APS) conjecture that the bound could be strengthened by replacing MWFM with maximum weight matching~(MWM). Here we test this conjecture on a special class of regular graphs that Henning and Yeo constructed many years ago. On this class of regular graphs, MWMs achieve tight lower bounds. As for the maximum energy of the EPR model, we have recently devised a new algorithm called Fractional Entanglement Distribution~(FED) based on quasi-homogeneous fractional matchings, which could achieve rather high accuracy. Applying the FED algorithm to the EPR model on Henning-Yeo graphs, we could thus obtain energy as high as possible and matching value as low as possible, and then make high-precision tests of the APS conjecture. Nevertheless, our numerical results do not show any evidence that the APS conjecture could be violated.

quant-ph

A Refined Algorithm For the EPR model

The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen~(EPR) model is an analogous model of the anti-ferromagnetic Heisenberg model or the equivalent quantum maximum-cut problem, proposed by R. King two years ago. Adjacent qubits in the model prefer symmetric EPR/Bell parings rather than the antisymmetric one, in order to maximize the energy. Recently, two groups independently develop specific algorithms for the highest-energy state with approximation ratio $\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{4}\approx.809$, based on maximum fractional matchings. Here we try to refine one of the two algorithms by devising homogeneous/quasi-homogeneous fractional matchings, with the aim to distribute quantum entanglement as much as possible. For regular graphs $G_d$, we immediately obtain increasing approximation ratios $r_d$ with $r_2=\frac{3+\sqrt{5}}{6}\approx.872$. For irregular graphs, we show such a refinement could still guarantee nice performance if the fractional matchings are chosen properly.

quant-ph

Improving stabilizer approximation with quantum strategy

We introduce a quantum strategy from nonlocal games to improve the stabilizer approximation we proposed previously. The resulting approach turns out to be a qubit-by-qubit gauging procedure for standard stabilizers, which could involve discrete or continuous gauge parameters. We take examples from many-body physics and quantum chemistry to show such a procedure leads to an improvement of the performance.

quant-ph

From Maximum Cut to Maximum Independent Set

The Maximum Cut (Max-Cut) problem could be naturally expressed either in a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) formulation, or as an Ising model. It has long been known that the Maximum Independent Set (MIS) problem could also be related to a specific Ising model. Therefore, it would be natural to attack MIS with various Max-Cut/Ising solvers. It turns out that this strategy greatly improves the approximation for the independence number of random Erd\H{o}s-R\'{e}nyi graphs. It also exhibits perfect performance on a benchmark arising from coding theory. These results pave the way for further development of approximate quantum algorithms on MIS, and specifically on the corresponding coding problems.

quant-ph

More on greedy construction heuristics for the MAX-CUT problem

A cut of a graph can be represented in many different ways. Here we propose to represent a cut through a ``relation tree'', which is a spanning tree with signed edges. We show that this picture helps to classify the main greedy heuristics for the maximum cut problem, in analogy with the minimum spanning tree problem. Namely, all versions of the Sahni-Gonzalez~(SG) algorithms could be classified as the Prim class, while various Edge-Contraction~(EC) algorithms are of the Kruskal class. We further elucidate the relation of this framework to the stabilizer formalism in quantum computing, and point out that the recently proposed \textit{ADAPT-Clifford} algorithm is a reformulation of a refined version of the SG algorithm, SG3. Numerical performance of the typical algorithms from the two classes are studied with various kinds of graphs. It turns out that, the Prim-class algorithms perform better for general dense graphs, and the Kruskal-class algorithms performs better when the graphs are sparse enough.

quant-ph

Stabilizer Approximation III: Maximum Cut

We apply the stabilizer formalism to the Maximum Cut problem, and obtain a new greedy construction heuristic. It turns out to be an elegant synthesis of the edge-contraction and differencing edge-contraction approaches. Utilizing the relation between the Maximum Cut problem and the Ising model, the approximation ratio of the heuristic is easily found to be at least $1/2$. Moreover, numerical results show that the heuristic has very nice performance for graphs with about 100 vertices.

quant-ph

Stabilizer Approximation II: From H$_2$O To C$_6$H$_6$

We apply the stabilizer method to the study of some complicated molecules, such as water and benzene. In the minimal STO-3G basis, the former requires 14 qubits, and the latter 72 qubits, which is very challenging. Quite remarkably, We are still able to find the best stabilizer states at all the bond lengths. Just as the previously studied H$_2$, LiH and BeH$_2$ molecules, here the stabilizer states also approximate the true ground states very well, especially when the molecules are strongly distorted. These results suggest stabilizer states could serve as natural reference states when the system involves strong static correlation. And in the language of quantum computing, one would expect stabilizer states to be natural initial states for chemical simulation.

quant-ph

Stabilizer Approximation

We propose a heuristic method to obtain the approximate groundstate for a Hamiltonian in the qubit form, based on the stabilizer formalism. These states may serve as proper initial states for further refined computation. It would be interesting to assess the efficiency and scalability of the method.

quant-ph

The Cosmological Constant: A Categorical View

Some theoretic results related to the cosmological constant, obtained in the 80's and 90's of last century, are reviewed. These results exhibit some interesting underlying pattern when viewed from a category-theoretic perspective. In doing this, we illustrate how Baez and Dolan's Periodic Table of $k$-tuply monoidal $n$-categories can serve as a basic framework of a quantum spacetime structure. Explicitly, we show how Einstein gravity (with the cosmological constant turned on) emerges when we de-categorify certain $2$-tuply monoidal $2$-categories properly, as Crane proposed a long time ago. In particular, we find that some recent work on Vertex Operator Algebras and 4-manifolds fits nicely into this framework.

hep-th

Simplicity condition and boundary-bulk duality

In the first-order formulation, general relativity could be formally viewed as the topological $BF$ theory with a specific constraint, the Plebanski constraint. $BF$ theory is expected to be the classical limit of the Crane-Yetter~(CY) topological state sum. In the Euclidean case, the Plebanski constraint could be lifted in an elegant way to a quantum version in the CY state sum, called the simplicity condition. The constrained state sum is known as the Barrett-Crane~(BC) model. In this note we investigate this condition from the topological field theory side. Since the condition is in fact imposed on the faces, we want to understand it from the viewpoint of the surface theory. Essentially this condition could be thought of as resulting from the boundary-bulk dualtiy, or more precisely from the recent "bulk=center" proposal. In the language of topological phases, it corresponds to the diagonal anyon condensation, with the BC model being the condensed phase. The CY state sum, and correspondingly the BC model, is usually constructed with a modular tensor category~(MTC) from representations of a quantum group at roots of unity. The category of representations of quantum group and that of modules of the corresponding affine Lie algebra are known to be equivalent as MTCs. This equivalence, together with the simplicity condition in the BC model, guarantees the construction of a full 2d rational conformal field theory through the Fuchs-Runkel-Schweigert formalism. We thus obtain a full-fledged 4d quantum geometry, which we name as "stringy quantum geometry". Some attracting features of such a new geometry are briefly discussed.

hep-th

A note on the architecture of spacetime geometry

Recently the $\text{SU}(2)$ spin-network states in loop quantum gravity is generalized to those of the corresponding affine Lie algebra. We show that if one literally starts from the full $\text{SL}(2,\mathbb{C})$ group, this procedure naturally leads to the Bekenstein-Hawking formula of the entanglement entropy for any macroscopic spacetime region. This suggests that a smooth spacetime geometry could be recovered in such a way, as conjectured by Bianchi and Myers. Some comparison with Xiao-Gang Wen's string-net picture of gauge theory is made.

hep-th

Hagedorn transition and topological entanglement entropy

Induced by the Hagedorn instability, weakly-coupled $U(N)$ gauge theories on a compact manifold exhibit a confinement/deconfinement phase transition in the large-$N$ limit. Recently we discover that the thermal entropy of a free theory on $\mathbb{S}^3$ gets reduced by a universal constant term, $-N^2/4$, compared to that from completely deconfined colored states. This entropy deficit is due to the persistence of Gauss's law, and actually independent of the shape of the manifold. In this paper we show that this universal term can be identified as the topological entangle entropy both in the corresponding $4+1 D$ bulk theory and the dimensionally reduced theory. First, entanglement entropy in the bulk theory contains the so-called "particle" contribution on the entangling surface, which naturally gives rise to an area-law term. The topological term results from the Gauss's constraint of these surface states. Secondly, the high-temperature limit also defines a dimensionally reduced theory. We calculate the geometric entropy in the reduced theory explicitly, and find that it is given by the same constant term after subtracting the leading term of ${\mathcal O}(β^{-1})$. The two procedures are then applied to the confining phase, by extending the temperature to the complex plane. Generalizing the recently proposed $2D$ modular description to an arbitrary matter content, we show the leading local term is missing and no topological term could be definitely isolated. For the special case of ${\mathcal N}=4$ super Yang-Mills theory, the results obtained here are compared with that at strong coupling from the holographic derivation.

hep-th

A note on electromagnetic edge modes

We give an intuitive identification for the electromagnetic edge modes as virtual spinon excitations in quantum spin liquids. Depending on the statistics, these edge modes could be effectively described by the $βγ$ or $bc$ conformal field theory. As an example, we show how such a description may reconcile the discrepancy on the logarithmic coefficient of the entanglement entropy on a sphere. Also we give some comments on the possibility of a topological term in the entanglement entropy.

hep-th

Planar limit of 1D many-body system

We review one dimensional matrix theory and its variations, collective field theory and quantum phase space description. In the planar limit, these theories become classical and can be easily analyzed. With these descriptions, one dimensional interacting many-body system can be solved exactly when the particle number goes to infinity. As an example, bosonic and two-component fermionic systems with a $δ$-function interaction are analyzed in detail.

cond-mat.stat-mech

Thermodynamics of large-$N$ gauge theories on a sphere: weak versus strong coupling

Recently lattice simulation in pure Yang-Mills theory exposes significant quadratic corrections for both the thermodynamic quantities and the renormalized Polyakov loop in the deconfined phase. These terms are previously found to appear naturally for ${\mathcal N}=4$ Super Yang-Mills~(SYM) on a sphere at strong coupling, through the gauge/gravity duality. Here we extend the investigation to the weak coupling regime, and for general large-$N$ gauge theories. Employing the matrix model description, we find some novel behavior in the deconfined phase, which is not noticed in the literature. Due to the non-uniform eigenvalue distribution of the holonomy around the time circle, the deviation of the Polyakov loop from one starts from $1/T^3$ instead of $1/T^2$. Such a power is fixed by the space dimension and do not change with different theories. This statement is also true when perturbative corrections to the single-particle partition functions are included. The corrections to the Polyakov loop and higher moments of the distribution function combine to give a universal term, $T/4$, in the free energy. These differences between the weak and strong coupling regime could be easily explained if a strong/weak coupling phase transition occurs in the deconfined phase of large-$N$ gauge theories on a compact manifold.

hep-th

Fuzzy bags, Polyakov loop and gauge/string duality

Confinement in SU($N$) gauge theory is due to the linear potential between colored objects. At short distances, the linear contribution could be considered as the quadratic correction to the leading Coulomb term. Recent lattice data show that such quadratic corrections also appear in the deconfined phase, in both the thermal quantities and the Polyakov loop. These contributions are studied systematically employing the gauge/string duality. "Confinement" in ${\mathcal N}=4$ SU($N$) Super Yang-Mills (SYM) theory could be achieved kinematically when the theory is defined on a compact space manifold. In the large-$N$ limit, deconfinement of ${\mathcal N}=4$ SYM on $\mathbb{S}^3$ at strong coupling is dual to the Hawking-Page phase transition in the global Anti-de Sitter spacetime. Meantime, all the thermal quantities and the Polyakov loop achieve significant quadratic contributions. Similar results can also be obtained at weak coupling. However, when confinement is induced dynamically through the local dilaton field in the gravity-dilaton system, these contributions can not be generated consistently. This is in accordance with the fact that there is no dimension-2 gauge-invariant operator in the boundary gauge theory. Based on these results, we suspect that quadratic corrections, and also confinement, should be due to global or non-local effects in the bulk spacetime.

hep-ph

Low-energy photon and pion scattering in holographic QCD

Using holographic models where chiral symmetry is broken through IR b.c.'s, we determine a novel set of relations between QCD matrix elements. In particular, we find that the amplitudes of the three processes pi pi->pi pi, gamma gamma->pi pi and gamma->pi pi pi involve a single scalar function h(Q^2) given by a suitable 5D integral of the EoM Green's function. In a phenomenological analysis of gamma gamma->pi pi we find an overall agreement with the experimental cross section for a broad range of energy. Moreover, the polarizabilities at low energies show a fair agreement between the holographic approach, previous computations and experiment.

hep-ph