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Feng Yuan

Publications and source records attributed to Feng Yuan.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

A Jet from a Nearly Dormant Black Hole

Most galaxies host supermassive black holes (SMBHs) that remain weakly accreting or dormant for much of their lifetimes. At the lowest accretion rates, these systems may represent the transition between active nuclei and dormant black holes, but whether they can still launch collimated jets remains unclear. The nuclei in our Galaxy (\sgra) and M31 are key examples of this regime, although no clear jet structure has yet been detected in either source. Here we report multi-frequency very long baseline interferometric observations of \Msixty\ (NGC~4649), a nearby elliptical galaxy hosting a nearly dormant SMBH with an Eddington ratio of $\sim10^{-8}$. We detect a compact two-sided jet with an unusually steep synchrotron spectrum, demonstrating that collimated outflows can persist even under nearly dormant accretion conditions. The apparent radio core exhibits an unprecedentedly steep frequency-dependent position shift toward the SMBH, locating the central engine only $\sim57\,μ$as, corresponding to a projected distance of $\sim10$ Schwarzschild radii, upstream of the 8.37-GHz core. The observed jet morphology and steep core-shift behaviour are reproduced by general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic and radiative-transfer simulations, indicating a magnetically dominated, non-equipartition jet-launching region that departs from the standard conical equipartition picture. These results provide direct observational evidence that jet production can survive near the dormant SMBHs and establish \Msixty\ as a unique laboratory for probing jet formation on event-horizon scales in the lowest-accretion SMBH regime.

astro-ph.HE↗

Positive AGN Feedback Enhances Star Formation in Starburst Dwarf Galaxies

The role of active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback in dwarf galaxies remains poorly understood, with conventional wisdom suggesting it primarily suppresses star formation. Using high-resolution MACER3D simulations that directly resolve the Bondi radius, we demonstrate that AGN feedback can significantly enhance rather than suppress star formation in starburst dwarf galaxies. Our simulations reveal that AGN feedback increases global star formation rates by approximately 25% when comparing our models with both AGN and supernova feedback to those with only supernova feedback. This enhancement occurs through AGN-driven outflows creating compressed gas regions where efficient cooling preserves high-density gas while quickly radiating away thermal energy, creating ideal conditions for star formation. This positive feedback mechanism operates in gas-rich starburst environments with efficient cooling and moderate AGN energy input ($\sim 10^{42}\,\mathrm{erg\,s^{-1}}$) that compresses gas without expelling it from the galaxy. Critically, it requires both AGN and supernova feedback working in concert: without SN feedback to regulate black hole activity, AGN outflows become too powerful and expel gas rather than compress it. Our results align with observations of the starburst dwarf galaxy Henize 2-10, where similar shock-compressed regions of enhanced star formation have been observed. These findings challenge conventional understanding of AGN feedback and suggest that AGN may play a previously unrecognized role in accelerating star formation during active phases of dwarf galaxy evolution.

astro-ph.GA↗

Solving the cooling flow problem with combined jet-wind AGN feedback

Active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback is widely viewed as the most promising solution to the long-standing cooling flow problem in galaxy clusters, yet previous models prescribe jet properties inconsistent with accretion physics. We perform an idealized hydrodynamic simulation of a galaxy cluster with no merger history and a relaxed state, with its other properties similar to the Perseus cluster using the MACER framework, incorporating both jets and winds whose properties are constrained by general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black hole accretion and observations. The combined feedback reproduces key observables, including cold gas mass, star formation rate, thermodynamic radial profiles, and black hole growth, while jet-only or wind-only models fail. The success arises from turbulence driven by jet-wind shear that enhances kinetic-to-thermal energy conversion, boosting heating efficiency by factors of three and six relative to wind-only and jet-only cases, respectively.

astro-ph.GA↗

Probing the Hot Gaseous Halos of Milky Way-like Galaxies in the TNG50 simulation

The origin and structure of the hot ($T\gtrsim10^6$K) gaseous halo around Milky Way (MW)-mass galaxies provide a critical test for galaxy formation models. We perform a comprehensive comparison for a sample of MW analogues from the TNG50 cosmological simulation by generating synthetic soft X-ray emission and O VII/O VIII absorption lines, viewed from both internal (Solar) and external perspectives. The simulated halos successfully reproduce the observed global soft X-ray luminosity, inner-halo X-ray surface brightness, emission measure, and O VII absorption strength. However, two interconnected discrepancies are identified. First, the azimuthally averaged X-ray surface brightness profile from external viewpoints declines too steeply with radius compared to the extended emission detected in eROSITA stacking of SDSS galaxies, falling below the observations by up to $\sim 1$ dex at $R \gtrsim 100$ kpc. Second, the halos systematically underproduce O VIII absorption, with a median equivalent width $\sim 65\%$ lower than that observed in the Galactic halo, pointing to a deficit of hotter-phase gas at $T\sim(1.6-3.2)\times10^6$ K. These findings indicate that the simulated hot halos are too spatially compact and lack a hotter gas phase, suggesting that the TNG50 feedback model, while generating hot gas, deposits energy too centrally and too vigorously to sustain a gently extended, multi-phase corona.

astro-ph.GA↗

Dino U-Net: Exploiting High-Fidelity Dense Features from Foundation Models for Medical Image Segmentation

Foundation models pre-trained on large-scale natural image datasets offer a powerful paradigm for medical image segmentation. However, effectively transferring their learned representations for precise clinical applications remains a challenge. In this work, we propose Dino U-Net, a novel encoder-decoder architecture designed to exploit the high-fidelity dense features of the DINOv3 vision foundation model. Our architecture introduces an encoder built upon a frozen DINOv3 backbone, which employs a specialized adapter to fuse the model's rich semantic features with low-level spatial details. To preserve the quality of these representations during dimensionality reduction, we design a new fidelity-aware projection module (FAPM) that effectively refines and projects the features for the decoder. We conducted extensive experiments on seven diverse public medical image segmentation datasets. Our results show that Dino U-Net achieves state-of-the-art performance, consistently outperforming previous methods across various imaging modalities. Our framework proves to be highly scalable, with segmentation accuracy consistently improving as the backbone model size increases up to the 7-billion-parameter variant. The findings demonstrate that leveraging the superior, dense-pretrained features from a general-purpose foundation model provides a highly effective and parameter-efficient approach to advance the accuracy of medical image segmentation. The code is available at https://github.com/yifangao112/DinoUNet.

cs.CV↗

A systematic study of AGN feedback in a disk galaxy using MACER II: predictions of X-ray surface brightness profiles and comparison with eROSITA observations

Recently, we have performed a systematic study of AGN feedback in a disk galaxy within the MACER framework. Various model predictions, including the AGN duty cycle, the correlation between black hole accretion rates and star formation rates, and the (cold) gas fraction, have been compared with observations and will be presented in a series of papers. As the second paper in this series, without adjusting any model parameters, we directly use the simulation data introduced in Paper I to compute the predicted X-ray surface brightness profile and compare it with eROSITA observations of circumgalactic medium (CGM) emission around galaxies, which provide important constraints on AGN feedback models. For this comparison, we adopt two stacked eROSITA radial profiles of X-ray surface brightness: (1) distant galaxies with log(M*/M_sun) = 10.5-11.0 at z ~ 0.02-0.10 from Y. Zhang et al. (2024), and (2) nearby L* galaxies within 50 Mpc from L. He and Z. Li (2026). We find that the average simulated profile over time is in good agreement with the stacked measurements of Y. Zhang et al. (2024) over a broad radial range (out to ~100 kpc). Our model predictions also match the results of L. He and Z. Li (2026) at projected radii from ~20 kpc to 120 kpc. While our simulations, which predict only thermal emission, are consistent with these recent X-ray observations, the limitations in our current model mean that this agreement does not preclude a potential contribution from non-thermal emission, for example, from an extended halo of cosmic rays.

astro-ph.GA↗

Turbulence and Star Formation Suppression in Elliptical Galaxies: The Role of Active Galactic Nucleus Jet Wind Interaction

Winds and jets are symbiotic when the accretion rate is low, according to black hole accretion theory. Both components are potentially important for active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback, but previous works typically include only jets with free parameters. We perform hydrodynamical simulations of an isolated elliptical galaxy with both jets and winds included. The key features discriminating our simulations from others are that our simulations resolve the Bondi radius for reliable black hole accretion rate calculation and use parameters from GRMHD simulations. By selectively activating jets and winds, we examine their individual and combined effects. We find that effective AGN feedback, which is capable of generating strong turbulence and subsequently increasing central gas entropy and suppressing cool gas condensation and star formation, occurs only when both jets and winds operate simultaneously. The physical mechanism is the interaction between winds and jets: this interaction produces strong shear at their interface, leading to turbulence via the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. In contrast, neither jets nor winds alone can generate strong turbulence due to the insufficient shear. The turbulence produced by wind-jet interaction is predominantly solenoidal in nature, giving rise to a broad energy spectrum approximately following a Kolmogorov-like power law and a dissipation rate $\sim 10^{-27}\,\mathrm{erg\,cm^{-3}\,s^{-1}}$ in the interstellar medium, consistent with observations. Our findings highlight the importance of simultaneously considering both jets and winds in studying the effects of AGN feedback in the evolution of elliptical galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗

Active Galactic Nucleus Feedback in an Elliptical Galaxy. IV. The Importance of the Jet Wind Coupling

This is the fourth paper of our series investigating the effects of active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback in the evolution of an elliptical galaxy using the {\it MACER} framework. While previous works considered only AGN radiation and wind, we now add jet feedback. The values of the jet parameters are taken from small-scale general relativity MHD simulations of black hole accretion. We run three models: {\tt FullFeedback}, {\tt JetOnly}, and {\tt WindOnly}. Time-averaged star formation rates are $10^{-1}$, $10^{-2}$, and $10^{-3} \mathrm{M}_\odot\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ in {\tt JetOnly}, {\tt WindOnly}, and {\tt FullFeedback}, respectively. Despite the higher jet power, jet feedback is less efficient than wind due to a small opening angle and low momentum flux. The much lower star formation rate in {\tt FullFeedback} indicates nonlinear coupling between jet and wind, with stronger suppression than the linear sum. The AGN energy dissipation efficiency values (fraction of injected kinetic energy dissipated via turbulence and shock) are 0.64 ({\tt FullFeedback}), 0.48 ({\tt WindOnly}), and 0.26 ({\tt JetOnly}). In the {\tt FullFeedback} model the wind-jet shear results in Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, driving stronger turbulence that effectively converts AGN kinetic energy into heating.

astro-ph.GA↗

Towards physically more comprehensive AGN modelling in cosmological simulations: A MACER-based modification of IllustrisTNG

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback plays a significant role in many aspects of galaxy formation and evolution and has become a key ingredient in cosmological simulations. However, the subgrid models of AGN feedback in cosmological simulations such as IllustrisTNG (hereafter TNG) often overlook recent progress in the small-scale modelling of black hole (BH) accretion and AGN physics. In this study, we improve on this by incorporating central aspects of the MACER model, a framework that treats AGN physics in greater detail, into the TNG feedback implementation. Specifically, we adopt MACER-prescriptions for feedback output for high and low accretion rates in a new model while the estimation of the accretion rate remains unchanged. We test this updated scenario both for idealized elliptical galaxies and for a cosmological box. Compared to the original TNG model, the MACER-based simulation leads to a higher star formation rate (SFR) and BH accretion rate in ellipticals, yielding a gas density profile in better agreement with observations. In the cosmological simulations, the time evolution of the SFR density, galaxy stellar mass function at $z=0$, and $M_{\star}-M_{\rm BH}$ relation at $M_{\star}>10^{10.5}\,{\rm M_{\odot}}$ are similar in both models. The MACER model better reproduces low-mass BHs in low-mass galaxies, and yields milder quenching in massive galaxies, although this is accompanied by the absence of a pronounced colour bimodality. Still, the similarity of the outcomes underlines the self-regulated nature of BH feedback: for different feedback energetics, the accretion rate tends to adjust such that a similar total AGN feedback energy is released.

astro-ph.GA↗

Camyla: Scaling Autonomous Research in Medical Image Segmentation

We present Camyla, a system for fully autonomous research within the scientific domain of medical image segmentation. Camyla transforms raw datasets into literature-grounded research proposals, executable experiments, and complete manuscripts without human intervention. Autonomous experimentation over long horizons poses three interrelated challenges: search effort drifts toward unpromising directions, knowledge from earlier trials degrades as context accumulates, and recovery from failures collapses into repetitive incremental fixes. To address these challenges, the system combines three coupled mechanisms: Quality-Weighted Branch Exploration for allocating effort across competing proposals, Layered Reflective Memory for retaining and compressing cross-trial knowledge at multiple granularities, and Divergent Diagnostic Feedback for diversifying recovery after underperforming trials. The system is evaluated on CamylaBench, a contamination-free benchmark of 31 datasets constructed exclusively from 2025 publications, under a strict zero-intervention protocol across two independent runs within a total of 28 days on an 8-GPU cluster. Across the two runs, Camyla generates more than 2,700 novel model implementations and 40 complete manuscripts, and surpasses the strongest per-dataset baseline selected from 14 established architectures, including nnU-Net, on 22 and 18 of 31 datasets under identical training budgets, respectively (union: 24/31). Senior human reviewers score the generated manuscripts at the T1/T2 boundary of contemporary medical imaging journals. Relative to automated baselines, Camyla outperforms AutoML and NAS systems on aggregate segmentation performance and exceeds six open-ended research agents on both task completion and baseline-surpassing frequency. These results suggest that domain-scale autonomous research is achievable in medical image segmentation.

cs.AI↗

Enhanced Multiphase Circumgalactic Medium and Gas Cycling in Galaxy Mergers

We investigate the impact of galaxy mergers on the circumgalactic medium (CGM) using the FIREbox cosmological hydrodynamic simulation. By comparing matched samples of merging and isolated galaxies with stellar masses $M_\star \sim 10^{10}$--$10^{11} M_{\odot}$ at $z=0$ and mass ratio of merging galaxies larger than $1:10$, we find that mergers significantly alter CGM properties. Merging systems exhibit enhanced radiative cooling, leading to shorter cooling times than free-fall times across large CGM volumes. This results in amplified multiphase structure and increased cool/cold gas content ($T \sim 10^4K$) compared to isolated galaxies. Both inflow and outflow mass fluxes are elevated by at least $\sim$1 dex in mergers across all temperature phases, with cool gas primarily generated in-situ via radiative cooling rather than from pre-existing streams. Gas cycling analysis reveals that mergers fundamentally accelerate CGM processing, amplifying the effective transfer rate from cold/cool cosmic inflow to galaxy inflow by factors of $\sim 30$, through rapid cycling of inflowing gas through intermediate CGM phases, efficiently fueling the ISM and star formation. The enhanced cool gas content in mergers produces elevated column densities for low- and intermediate-temperature ion species in the inner CGM, while high-temperature ones remain largely unaffected.

astro-ph.GA↗

The cold molecular gas regulates the activity of active galactic nuclei in massive galaxies

The physical quantities that directly regulate AGN feedback in massive galaxies remain poorly understood. Observations of molecular gas surrounding AGNs suggest that this gas serves as a fuel source for AGN activity. Accordingly, we study the relationship between AGN activity and molecular gas properties. In this study, we analyze a large sample of nearby AGNs with available measurements of molecular gas mass, radio luminosity, and \oiii~luminosity. Our results show that radio luminosity and \oiii~luminosity exhibit stronger correlations with molecular gas mass than with other physical parameters such as black hole mass, stellar mass, and bulge mass. Moreover, when controlling for the correlations between radio luminosity, \oiii~luminosity, and molecular gas mass, the relationships between these luminosities and other key physical parameters become significantly weaker or disappear entirely. This suggests that, of all the properties we have considered, it is the molecular gas mass that is most tightly correlated with radio and \oiii~luminosity, and may thus be the most important driver of nuclear activity.

astro-ph.HE↗

A Potential Link between Nuclear Winds and Cold Gas Outflows on Kiloparsec Scales in Reionization-Era Quasars

Feedback from accreting supermassive black holes may regulate galaxy evolution, but statistical evidence linking nuclear winds to kiloparsec-scale cold gas outflows remains limited in the early universe. Here we report statistical evidence for such a connection in a sample of luminous quasars at $z \sim 5.5$. We compare stacked [C II] 158 $μ$m emission profiles from ALMA observations, which trace galactic-scale neutral gas, for quasars with and without broad absorption lines (BALs) that indicate powerful nuclear winds on sub-kiloparsec scales. A total of 5 BAL and 11 non-BAL quasar spectra are included in the stacking analysis. The BAL quasar stack exhibits a potential blueshifted broad component in the [C II] line profile, with a velocity offset of $Δv_{\rm b} = -2.1 \times 10^2\,\rm km\,s^{-1}$ and a full width at half maximum of $1.18 \times 10^3\,\rm km\,s^{-1}$, whereas the non-BAL stack shows no obvious broad component. Using a conservative ``clean-stack'' selection that excludes quasars with partial [C II] spectral coverage, the BAL broad residual is reduced to a hint-level feature. We estimate that up to a few percent to one-quarter of the nuclear wind energy may be transferred to cold neutral gas on kiloparsec scales. Although the sample size is limited, these results suggest a potential link between BAL winds and cold gas feedback in quasar host galaxies. These results provide empirical motivation for future tests of how multiphase outflows relate to the diversity of quasar host properties, including $M_{\rm BH}/M_*$.

astro-ph.GA↗

A systematic study of AGN feedback in a disk galaxy I: global overview

This is the first paper in a series using our MACER framework to investigate the evolution of a disk galaxy, which emphasizes the role of active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback and incorporates cosmological inflows. This paper presents the model setup and the overall results. The predicted AGN duty cycle of approximately 0.49% is consistent with observations. Analysis of the AGN luminosity and star formation rate (SFR) light curves reveals a positive correlation between the two. We find that cold filaments condense in the circumgalactic medium (CGM) region due to radiative cooling and subsequently fall onto the galaxy, significantly enhancing both the SFR and AGN activity. The galaxy is then quenched over a timescale of approximately 1 Gyr by the strong feedback from the enhanced AGN activity. This indicates that a positive correlation between SFR and AGN luminosity does not preclude AGN feedback from acting as the quenching mechanism for the galaxy. Notably, models without AGN feedback exhibit significantly lower peak SFRs than those with it. We attribute this difference to cumulative AGN feedback, which drives gas from the galaxy into the CGM, facilitating the formation of more massive cold filaments and ultimately promoting more intense starburst episodes.

astro-ph.GA↗

Causal Reversal in the $M_\unicode{x25CF}\unicode{x2013}σ_0$ Relation: Implications for High-Redshift Supermassive Black Hole Mass Estimates

The nascent methodology of applying the principles of causal discovery to astrophysical data has produced affirming results about deeply held theories concerning the causal nature behind the observed coevolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with their host galaxies. The key results from observations have demonstrated an apparent causal reversal across different galaxy morphologies$\unicode{x2014}$SMBHs causally influence the evolution of the physical parameters of their spiral galaxy hosts, whereas SMBHs in elliptical galaxies are passive companions that grow in near lockstep with their hosts. To further explore and ascertain insights, it is necessary to utilize galaxy simulations to track the time evolution of the observed causal relations to learn more about the temporal nature of the changing SMBH/galaxy evolutionary directions. We conducted experiments with the NIHAO suite of cosmological zoom-in hydrodynamical simulations to follow the evolution of individual galaxies along with their central SMBH masses ($M_\unicode{x25CF}$) and properties, including central stellar velocity dispersion ($σ_0$). We reproduce the causal results from real galaxies, but add clarity by observing that the SMBH/galaxy causal directions are noticeably inverted between the epochs before and after the peak of star formation. The implications for causal reversal of the $M_\unicode{x25CF}\unicode{x2013}σ_0$ relation portend larger concerns about the reliability of SMBH masses estimated at high redshifts and presumptions of overmassive black holes at early epochs. Toward this problem, we apply updated causally-informed scaling relations that predict high-$z$ black hole masses that are approximately two orders of magnitude less massive, and thus not overmassive with respect to local $z=0$ SMBH$\unicode{x2013}$galaxy mass ratios.

astro-ph.GA↗

InternVLA-A1: Unifying Understanding, Generation and Action for Robotic Manipulation

Prevalent Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models are typically built upon Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) and demonstrate exceptional proficiency in semantic understanding, but they inherently lack the capability to deduce physical world dynamics. Consequently, recent approaches have shifted toward World Models, typically formulated via video prediction; however, these methods often suffer from a lack of semantic grounding and exhibit brittleness in the presence of video prediction errors. To synergize semantic understanding with dynamic predictive capabilities, we present InternVLA-A1. This model employs a unified Mixture-of-Transformers architecture, coordinating three experts for scene understanding, visual foresight generation, and action execution. These components interact seamlessly through a unified masked self attention mechanism. Building upon InternVL3 and Qwen3-VL, we instantiate InternVLA-A1 at 2B and 3B parameter scales. We pre-train these models on heterogeneous data sources over real-world robot data, synthetic simulation data, and human videos, covering over 692M frames. This hybrid training strategy effectively harnesses the diversity of synthetic simulation data while minimizing the sim-to-real gap. We evaluated InternVLA-A1 on 12 real-world robotic tasks and a simulation benchmark. The results show that InternVLA-A1 consistently outperforms prior leading models: compared with pi0.5, it achieves +4.4\% on static manipulation tasks and +2.6\% on the RoboTwin 2.0 simulation benchmark, and delivers a +26.7\% boost on dynamic manipulation tasks.

cs.RO↗

ReveaLLAGN 1: JWST Emission-Line Spectra Reveal Low-Luminosity AGN with UV-Deficient SEDs and Warm Molecular Gas

We present near- and mid-infrared spectra of eight Low-Luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei (LLAGN), spanning nearly four orders of magnitude in black hole mass and Eddington ratio, obtained with JWST/NIRSpec and MIRI as part of the ReveaLLAGN program along with identical archival data of Cen A. The high spatial resolution of JWST cleanly separates AGN emission from host-galaxy contamination, enabling detections of high-ionization potential lines more than an order of magnitude fainter than previously measured. Emission-line diagnostics reveal a transition at log($L_{bol}/L_{Edd}$) ~ -3.5, where the spectral energy distribution becomes increasingly deficient in ultraviolet photons. We find that rotational H$_2$ excitation temperatures are elevated (~500 K higher) compared to both higher-luminosity AGN and star-forming galaxies, while the H$_2$(0-0)S(3)/PAH$_{11.3 μm}$ ratios are consistent with those observed in the AGN population. We discuss the possible roles of outflows, jets, and X-ray dominated regions in shaping the interstellar medium surrounding LLAGN. Silicate emission at ~10 $μ$m, localized to the nuclear region, is detected in most ReveaLLAGN targets. This dataset offers the first comprehensive JWST-based characterization of infrared emission lines in the nuclear regions of LLAGN.

astro-ph.GA↗

Unveiling the sea: universality of the transverse momentum dependent quark distributions at small $x$

Within the Colour Glass Condensate effective theory, we demonstrate that back-to-back dijet correlations in dilute-dense collisions involving a small-$x$ quark from the nuclear target can be factorised in terms of universal transverse momentum dependent distributions (TMDs) for the sea quarks. Two building blocks are needed to construct all these TMDs at the operator level: the sea quark TMD operator which appears in semi-inclusive Deep-Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS) or in the Drell-Yan process and the elastic $S$-matrix for a quark-antiquark dipole. Compared to SIDIS, the saturation effects are stronger for dijet production in forward proton-nucleus collisions, due to additional scattering in the initial and final state, effectively resulting in a larger value for the nuclear saturation momentum.

hep-ph↗