arXiv subjects

Francesco Sala

Publications and source records attributed to Francesco Sala.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Cohomological Hall algebras of one-dimensional sheaves on surfaces and Yangians

This paper provides the first algebraic characterization of an algebra of cohomological Hecke operators associated with modifications of coherent sheaves on a smooth surface $X$ along a fixed proper curve $Z \subset X$ (possibly singular and reducible), establishing a direct connection with Yangians. It is based on the theory of equivariant nilpotent cohomological Hall algebras $\mathbf{HA}^T_{X,Z}$, developed by the same authors. More precisely, let $X$ be a resolution of a Kleinian singularity (for example, $X = T^\ast\mathbb{P}^1$) and let $Z$ be the exceptional divisor. One of the main results of this paper is an explicit isomorphism $\mathbf{HA}^T_{X,Z} \simeq \mathbb{Y}^+_\infty$, where $\mathbb{Y}^+_\infty$ is a completed, nonstandard, positive half of the affine Yangian $\mathbb{Y}(\mathfrak{g})$ of the corresponding affine ADE Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$. Furthermore, the generators of $\mathbf{HA}^T_{X,Z}$--given by fundamental classes of substacks of zero-dimensional sheaves and of pushforwards of line bundles on $Z$--are expressed explicitly in terms of Yangian generators. Our main tools, which may be of independent interest, are: (i) a `continuity' theorem describing the behavior of cohomological Hall algebras of objects in the heart of $t$-structures $\tau_n$ when the sequence $(\tau_n)_n$ converges, in an appropriate sense, to a fixed $t$-structure $\tau_\infty$; (ii) the definition of a multi-parameter Yangian $\mathbb{Y}_Q$ for an arbitrary quiver $Q$, given by generators and relations; (iii) a theorem relating the algebraic action of the braid group $B_Q$ on the Yangian $\mathbb{Y}_Q$ to the action of $B_Q$ on the equivariant 2-dimensional cohomological Hall algebra $\mathbf{HA}^T_Q$ of $Q$, where the latter can be described in terms of derived reflection functors of the bounded derived category of modules over the preprojective algebra of $Q$.

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arXiv2025

Kleinian orbifolds, Cohomological Hall Algebras, and Yangians

We establish, for each orbifold crepantly resolving a Kleinian singularity, the existence of the cohomological Hall algebra (COHA) of coherent sheaves supported on the exceptional locus and explicitly compute this COHA as a completion of some positive half of the associated affine Yangian. Tracking these categories under derived autoequivalences and the McKay correspondence, we show that (1) every point in Bridgeland's space of stability conditions on the resolution arises from a Kleinian orbifold, and (2) every positive half of the affine Yangian can be recovered from the COHA associated to some such stability condition. This provides the first example of a family of (pointwise) COHAs defined over the space of stability conditions.

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arXiv2025

IMEX-RB: a self-adaptive implicit-explicit time integration scheme exploiting the reduced basis method

In this work, we introduce a self-adaptive implicit-explicit (IMEX) time integration scheme, named IMEX-RB, for the numerical integration of systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), arising from spatial discretizations of partial differential equations (PDEs) by finite difference methods. Leveraging the Reduced Basis (RB) method, at each timestep we project the high-fidelity problem onto a suitable low-dimensional subspace and integrate its dynamics implicitly. Following the IMEX paradigm, the resulting solution then serves as an educated guess within a full-order explicit step. Notably, compared to the canonical RB method, IMEX-RB neither requires a parametrization of the underlying PDE nor features an offline-online splitting, since the reduced subspace is built dynamically, exploiting the high-fidelity solution history. We present the first-order formulation of IMEX-RB, demonstrating and showcasing its convergence and stability properties. In particular, under appropriate conditions on the method's hyperparameters, IMEX-RB is unconditionally stable. The theoretical analysis is corroborated by numerical experiments performed on representative model problems in two and three dimensions. The results demonstrate that our approach can outperform conventional time integration schemes like backward Euler. Indeed, IMEX-RB yields high-fidelity accurate solutions, provided that its main hyperparameters - namely the reduced basis size and the stability tolerance - are suitably tuned. Moreover, IMEX-RB realizes computational gains over backward Euler for a range of timestep sizes above the forward Euler stability threshold.

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arXiv2025

On a decomposition theorem in equivariant generalized homology theories for finite group actions

A. Vistoli proved a decomposition theorem for the rational equivariant algebraic K-theory of a variety under the action of a finite group $G$. We generalize his result to more general algebraic (co)homology theories having the Mackey property and admitting localization long exact sequences. In general, the pieces are indexed by conjugacy classes of subgroups of $G$. Our construction is based on some result about a decomposition of the rational Burnside ring of a finite group, which stands behind the classical splitting theorems for equivariant spectra in stable equivariant homotopy theory. Applying this result to the case of Borne's modular K-theory we exhibit a case where the splitting is indexed by not necessarily abelian subgroups.

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arXiv2025

The geometric K-theory of quotient stacks

Given a quotient of a regular noetherian separated algebraic space $X$ over a field by an affine algebraic group $G$ having finite stabilizers (with some mild technical conditions), G. Vezzosi and A. Vistoli defined the geometric part of the rational equivariant K-theory $K(X,G)$ and conjectured that it is isomorphic to the rational K-theory of the quotient $X/G$. In this paper we refine the construction of geometric K-theory to the rational K-theory of a quotient stack $[X/G]$ over an arbitrary excellent base; we show that it is part of an intrinsic decomposition of the K-theory of the stack and prove many properties that make it amenable to computations.

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arXiv2025

On a Riemann-Roch formula for stacks with finite cyclotomic inertia

B. Toen defined a Riemann-Roch map from the rational algebraic K-theory of a tame Deligne-Mumford quotient stack to the \'etale K-theory of its inertia. He proved that this map is an isomorphism and that it is covariant with respect to proper maps. Moreover G. Vezzosi and A. Vistoli proved a decomposition theorem for the equivariant K-theory of a noetherian scheme. In this paper we give a geometric definition of the Vezzosi-Vistoli decomposition, interpreting the pieces as corresponding to the components of the cyclotomic inertia. When the map from the cyclotomic inertia to the stack is finite, we can define a Riemann-Roch map in Toen's style. We prove that this map is an isomorphism and it is covariant with respect to proper relatively tame maps; moreover in some favourable circumstances we explicitly compute its inverse map, and show that we can recover Toen's one when the stack is tame Deligne-Mumford.

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arXiv2025

On a formula for the equivariant Euler characteristic of a $G$-sheaf

H. Fischbacher-Weitz and B. K\"ock computed the equivariant Euler characteristic of a $G-$sheaf on a $G$-curve $X$ over a field. Using a form of the Riemann-Roch theorem for quotient stacks proved by the second author we extend their computations to the cases where $dim(X) >1$.

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arXiv2025

Nilpotent cohomological Hall algebras of surfaces

This paper develops a framework for systematically studying cohomological "Hecke operators" associated with modifications of coherent sheaves on a smooth surface $X$ along a fixed proper curve $Z \subset X$ (possibly singular and reducible), using the theory of cohomological Hall algebras. More precisely, we construct a moduli stack of coherent sheaves $\mathbf{Coh}(\widehat{X}_Z)$ on $X$ with set-theoretic support $Z$ and we prove that its reduced is an Artin stack locally of finite type. This provides a vast generalization of the global nilpotent cone. Subsequently, we develop the needed background to define the (motivic, $T$-equivariant) cohomological Hall algebra $\mathbf{HA}^{T}_{X,Z}$ of the moduli stack of coherent sheaves on $X$ with set-theoretic support on $Z$, in the setting of a general motivic formalism $\mathbf{D}$ in the sense of Khan. The algebra $\mathbf{HA}^{\mathbf{D}, A}_{X,Z}$ is functorial with respect to closed immersions $Z' \subset Z$ and transformations of the motivic formalism $\mathbf{D}$, and only depends on the formal neighborhood $\widehat{X}_Z$ of $Z$ in $X$. In the companion paper arXiv:2603.03386, we use the nilpotent COHA $\mathbf{HA}^{T}_{X,Z}$ to answer a question previously raised in arXiv:2004.13685 about the precise relationship between the COHA of a minimal resolution of a Kleinian singularity and the corresponding preprojective COHA.

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arXiv2023

McKay correspondence, cohomological Hall algebras and categorification

Let $π\colon Y\to X$ denote the canonical resolution of the two dimensional Kleinian singularity $X$ of type ADE. In the present paper, we establish isomorphisms between the cohomological and K-theoretical Hall algebras of $ω$-semistable properly supported sheaves on $Y$ with fixed slope $μ$ and $ζ$-semistable finite-dimensional representations of the preprojective algebra of affine type ADE of slope zero respectively, under some conditions on $ζ$ depending on the polarization $ω$ and $μ$. These isomorphisms are induced by the derived McKay correspondence. In addition, they are interpreted as decategorified versions of a monoidal equivalence between the corresponding categorified Hall algebras. In the type A case, we provide finer descriptions of the cohomological, K-theoretical and categorified Hall algebra of $ω$-semistable properly supported sheaves on $Y$ with fixed slope $μ$: for example, in the cohomological case, the algebra can be given in terms of Yangians of finite type ADE Dynkin diagrams.

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arXiv2023

Flops and Hilbert schemes of space curve singularities

Using pagoda flop transitions between smooth projective threefolds, a relation is derived between the Euler numbers of moduli spaces of stable pairs which are scheme-theoretically supported on a fixed singular space curve and Euler numbers of Flag Hilbert schemes associated to a plane curve singularity. When the space curve singularity is locally complete intersection, one obtains a relation between the latter and Euler numbers of Hilbert schemes of the space curve singularity. It is also shown that this relation yields explicit results for a class of torus-invariant locally complete intersection singularities.

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arXiv2022

Two-dimensional categorified Hall algebras

In the present paper, we introduce two-dimensional categorified Hall algebras of smooth curves and smooth surfaces. A categorified Hall algebra is an associative monoidal structure on the stable $\infty$-category $\mathsf{Coh}^{\mathsf{b}}(\mathbb{R}\mathsf{M})$ of complexes of sheaves with bounded coherent cohomology on a derived moduli stack $\mathbb{R}\mathsf{M}$. In the surface case, $\mathbb{R}\mathsf{M}$ is a suitable derived enhancement of the moduli stack $\mathsf{M}$ of coherent sheaves on the surface. This construction categorifies the K-theoretical and cohomological Hall algebras of coherent sheaves on a surface of Zhao and Kapranov-Vasserot. In the curve case, we define three categorified Hall algebras associated with suitable derived enhancements of the moduli stack of Higgs sheaves on a curve $X$, the moduli stack of vector bundles with flat connections on $X$, and the moduli stack of finite-dimensional local systems on $X$, respectively. In the Higgs sheaves case we obtain a categorification of the K-theoretical and cohomological Hall algebras of Higgs sheaves on a curve of Minets and Sala-Schiffmann, while in the other two cases our construction yields, by passing to $\mathsf K_0$, new K-theoretical Hall algebras, and by passing to $\mathsf H_\ast^{\mathsf{BM}}$, new cohomological Hall algebras. Finally, we show that the Riemann-Hilbert and the non-abelian Hodge correspondences can be lifted to the level of our categorified Hall algebras of a curve.

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arXiv2022

Cohomological Hall algebras, their categorification, and their representations via torsion pairs

In this paper we provide a systematic way of producing representations of cohomological, K-theoretical and categorified Hall algebras, and study the output of our construction in several cases. We thus recover and categorify in a unified framework the action of the COHA of a quiver on the cohomology of Nakajima quiver variety, the action of the COHA of zero-dimensional sheaves on the the cohomology of Hilbert schemes of points and moduli spaces of Gieseker-stable sheaves on smooth surfaces, recovering the constructions of Negu\c{t} and DeHority. We also obtain new examples, associated to Pandharipande-Thomas stable pairs. Along the way, we explain carefully under which conditions one can associate to a pair $(\mathscr{C},\tau)$ consisting of a stable $\infty$-category with a t-structure a COHA. This requires a careful analysis and extension of Khan's theory of motivic Borel-Moore homology to the non quasi-compact setting, and it allows to produce new examples of COHAs arising from Bridgeland's stability conditions. The representations that we construct take an extra categorical input: that of a torsion pair $(\mathscr{T},\mathscr{F})$ on the heart $\mathscr{C}^\heartsuit$ of $\tau$. Under favorable conditions, the homology of the moduli stack associated to $\mathscr{T}$ acquires a Hall multiplication, that acts both on the left and on the right on the homology of the moduli stack associated to $\mathscr{F}$. The left action generalizes and categorifies Nakajima's positive operators, while the right action corresponds to negative operators.

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arXiv2021

On the Chow ring of the classifying stack of algebraic tori

We investigate the structure of the Chow ring of the classifying stacks $BT$ of algebraic tori, as it has been defined by B. Totaro. Some previous work of N. Karpenko, A. Merkurjev, S. Blinstein and F. Scavia has shed some light on the structure of such rings. In particular Karpenko showed the absence of torsion classes in the case of permutation tori, while Merkurjev and Blinstein described in a very effective way the second Chow group $A^2(BT)$ in the general case. Building on this work, Scavia exhibited an example where $A^2(BT)_\text{tors}\neq 0$. Here, by making use of a very elementary approach, we extend the result of Karpenko to special tori and we completely determine the Chow ring $A^*(BT)$ when $T$ is an algebraic torus admitting a resolution with special tori $0\rightarrow T\rightarrow Q\rightarrow P$. In particular we show that there can be torsion in the Chow ring of such tori.

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arXiv2021

Shuffle algebras for quivers as quantum groups

We define a quantum loop group $\mathbf{U}^+_Q$ associated to an arbitrary quiver $Q=(I,E)$ and maximal set of deformation parameters, with generators indexed by $I \times \mathbb{Z}$ and some explicit quadratic and cubic relations. We prove that $\mathbf{U}^+_Q$ is isomorphic to the (generic, small) shuffle algebra associated to the quiver $Q$ and hence, by [Neg21a], to the localized K-theoretic Hall algebra of $Q$. For the quiver with one vertex and $g$ loops, this yields a presentation of the spherical Hall algebra of a (generic) smooth projective curve of genus $g$ (invoking the results of [SV12]). We extend the above results to the case of non-generic parameters satisfying a certain natural metric condition. As an application, we obtain a description by generators and relations of the subalgebra generated by absolutely cuspidal eigenforms of the Hall algebra of an arbitrary smooth projective curve (invoking the results of [KSV17]).

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arXiv2021

Continuum Kac-Moody algebras

We introduce a new class of infinite-dimensional Lie algebras, which we refer to as continuum Kac-Moody algebras. Their construction is closely related to that of usual Kac-Moody algebras, but they feature a continuum root system with no simple roots. Their Cartan datum encodes the topology of a one-dimensional real space and can be thought of as a generalization of a quiver, where vertices are replaced by connected intervals. For these Lie algebras, we prove an analogue of the Gabber-Kac-Serre theorem, providing a complete set of defining relations featuring only quadratic Serre relations. Moreover, we provide an alternative realization as continuum colimits of symmetric Borcherds-Kac-Moody algebras with at most isotropic simple roots. The approach we follow deeply relies on the more general notion of a semigroup Lie algebra and its structural properties.

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arXiv2021

Quantization of continuum Kac-Moody algebras

Continuum Kac-Moody algebras have been recently introduced by the authors and O. Schiffmann. These are Lie algebras governed by a continuum root system, which can be realized as uncountable colimits of Borcherds-Kac-Moody algebras. In this paper, we prove that any continuum Kac-Moody algebra is canonically endowed with a non-degenerate invariant bilinear form. The positive and negative Borel subalgebras form a Manin triple with respect to this pairing, inducing on the continuum Kac-Moody algebra a topological quasi-triangular Lie bialgebra structure. We then construct an explicit quantization, which we refer to as a continuum quantum group, and we show that the latter is similarly realized as an uncountable colimit of Drinfeld-Jimbo quantum groups.

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arXiv2020

The circle quantum group and the infinite root stack of a curve (with an appendix by Tatsuki Kuwagaki)

In the present paper, we give a definition of the quantum group $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\mathfrak{sl}(S^1))$ of the circle $S^1\colon =\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}$, and its fundamental representation. Such a definition is motivated by a realization of a quantum group $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\mathfrak{sl}(S^1_\mathbb{Q}))$ associated to the rational circle $S^1_\mathbb{Q}\colon= \mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}$ as a direct limit of $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}}(n))$'s, where the order is given by divisibility of positive integers. The quantum group $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\mathfrak{sl}(S^1_\mathbb{Q}))$ arises as a subalgebra of the Hall algebra of coherent sheaves on the infinite root stack $X_\infty$ over a fixed smooth projective curve $X$ defined over a finite field. Via this Hall algebra approach, we are able to realize geometrically the fundamental and the tensor representations, and a family of symmetric tensor representations, depending on the genus $g_X$, of $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\mathfrak{sl}(S^1_\mathbb{Q}))$. Moreover, we show that $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}}(+\infty))$ and $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}}(\infty))$ are subalgebras of $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\mathfrak{sl}(S^1_\mathbb{Q}))$. As proved by T. Kuwagaki in the appendix, the quantum group $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\mathfrak{sl}(S^1))$ naturally arises as well in the mirror dual picture, as a Hall algebra of constructible sheaves on the circle $S^1$.

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arXiv2020

Fock space representation of the circle quantum group

In [arXiv:1711.07391] we have defined quantum groups $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\mathfrak{sl}(\mathbb{R}))$ and $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\mathfrak{sl}(S^1))$, which can be interpreted as continuous generalizations of the quantum groups of the Kac-Moody Lie algebras of finite, respectively affine type $A$. In the present paper, we define the Fock space representation $\mathcal{F}_{\mathbb{R}}$ of the quantum group $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\mathfrak{sl}(\mathbb{R}))$ as the vector space generated by real pyramids (a continuous generalization of the notion of partition). In addition, by using a variant of the "folding procedure" of Hayashi-Misra-Miwa, we define an action of $\mathbf{U}_\upsilon(\mathfrak{sl}(S^1))$ on $\mathcal{F}_{\mathbb{R}}$.

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