arXiv subjects

Francisco Pozo Nuñez

Publications and source records attributed to Francisco Pozo Nuñez.

18 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Accretion-disk sizes in two quasars with interferometrically resolved broad-line regions at $z=2.3$ and $z=4.0$

We present the first direct comparison between accretion-disk (AD) and broad-line region (BLR) sizes in quasars at z > 2, combining continuum reverberation mapping with interferometric BLR constraints from GRAVITY and GRAVITY+. Using medium-band photometric monitoring with the MPG/ESO 2.2 m telescope, we measure inter-band continuum lags in SDSS J092034.17+065718.0 at z = 2.33 (J0920) and SMSS J052915.80-435152.0 at z = 3.96 (J0529), among the most luminous quasars known (Lbol ~ 10^48 erg s^-1). These are currently the only two quasars at z > 2 with spatially resolved BLRs and dynamical black-hole masses from interferometry. We detect significant continuum lags in both quasars, increasing monotonically with wavelength. The inferred UV disk sizes are RAD = 4.35 +0.78/-0.91 light-days for J0529 and RAD = 3.15 +0.50/-0.48 light-days for J0920. For J0920, accreting at lambda_Edd ~ 7-20, the disk size is consistent with standard thin-disk expectations despite its super-Eddington regime. For J0529, the disk size agrees with thin-disk predictions using the single-epoch black-hole mass, but implies disk inflation by a factor of a few if the GRAVITY+ dynamical mass, an order of magnitude lower, is adopted. UV continuum disk sizes therefore provide an independent physical scale constraining black-hole mass and accretion-rate models, particularly where BLR kinematics are dominated by outflows. The interferometric BLR sizes reveal pronounced radial hierarchies, with RBLR/RAD ~ 270 for J0529 (Hbeta) and ~115 for J0920 (Halpha). The successful lag detections at Lbol ~ 10^48 erg s^-1 show that continuum reverberation mapping remains feasible for the most luminous systems, opening a path to larger samples with surveys such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's LSST.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

Detection of a triple nucleus in the Wolf-Rayet composite Sy 2 galaxy NGC 6764

We report adaptive-optics Ks-band imaging of the composite Seyfert 2 and Wolf-Rayet galaxy NGC 6764 (D = 32 Mpc), obtained with LUCI/SOUL at the Large Binocular Telescope. The nucleus resolves into three compact sources with pairwise projected separations of 0.07-0.20 arcsec, corresponding to 11.0-30.9 pc. All three have indistinguishable H, Ks, H2, and Br-gamma colours, so photometry alone cannot separate accretion from star formation. The system is consistent with a Seyfert nucleus and two star-forming regions, but a dual or triple AGN cannot be excluded. In the latter case, the separations would be two orders of magnitude smaller than in any confirmed or candidate AGN triplet reported to date. Diffraction-limited near-infrared integral-field spectroscopy is required to establish the nature of each component.

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arXiv2026

A simulation-based quality-control framework for the broad-line region radius-luminosity relation

The broad-line region (BLR) radius-luminosity (R-L) relation underpins single-epoch black hole mass estimates in active galactic nuclei (AGN). The published Hβsample is heterogeneous in observational quality, and it remains unclear how much of its scatter is intrinsic rather than caused by systematics in lag recovery. We quantify the contribution of unreliable lag recovery to the observed scatter of the HβR-L relation and provide tools for quality control. We compile a publicly available database of reverberation mapping measurements for ~1200 AGN from 32 campaigns spanning more than three decades, including lags, luminosities, line widths, black hole masses, and observational metadata. We develop a simulation-based consistency framework in which damped random walk light curves are sampled according to each campaign's baseline, cadence, and signal-to-noise ratio, and lags are recovered with the interpolated cross-correlation function (ICCF). Comparing expected, reported, and simulation-retrieved lags defines a four-tier flagging scheme. We refit the R-L relation with UltraNest for progressively cleaner samples and construct consensus samples across three reference slopes to reduce model dependence. Of 248 Hβsources, ~40% show discrepancies between reported and simulation-retrieved lags, while ~5% show direct inconsistencies between expected and retrieved lags. Excluding flagged sources and correcting for model bias reduces the inferred intrinsic scatter from σ= 0.26^{+0.02}_{-0.01} dex to 0.11\pm0.01 dex, with a corrected slope of α= 0.48\pm0.02. Our results indicate that a substantial fraction of the observed HβR-L scatter arises from observational limitations and lag-recovery biases rather than intrinsic AGN diversity. The database, simulation code, and RM-Scout campaign-planning tool are publicly available.

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arXiv2026

Adaptive optics imaging of the nuclei of Seyfert 2 galaxies: An unexpectedly high incidence of nuclear stellar rings

High-resolution imaging of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) on subkiloparsec scales is essential for investigating their fueling. Observations in the near-infrared (NIR) are especially valuable as they minimize the absorption by dust. However, the inferred nuclear morphology may depend on the method used to analyze the images. We assess whether ground-based adaptive-optics observations of the cores of Seyfert 2 galaxies in the Ks band provide advantages over HST observations at shorter wavelengths (V and H bands). We also investigate whether a dedicated 2D analysis is preferable to a 1D approach. A sample of 18 Seyfert 2 galaxies was observed with the adaptive optics (AO) system in the Ks band at the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) and compared to archival HST V- or H-band images. The analysis included a 2D modeling procedure via GALFIT as well as an unsharp masking technique. Results from different filters are consistent, showing no clear advantage of the redder filter. Using both GALFIT and unsharp masking in tandem is preferable, as the two methods provide complementary strengths. We identified nuclear stellar rings in 8 of the 18 galaxies in our sample (44 +/- 12%). This fraction is significantly higher than reported in previous studies and about a factor of two higher than reported in the most complete atlas of nuclear rings. The radii, size distribution, and inferred masses of the detected nuclear rings are similar to those observed in non-active galaxies. Low-luminosity AGNs appear to have little impact on nuclear ring formation and evolution. The high incidence of nuclear stellar rings in our study is unexpected and warrants further investigation. This could be tested further using the large number of suitable archival HST images available. If confirmed, it would imply that nuclear stellar rings are considerably more common than previously recognized.

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arXiv2026

HALO II: Constraining Hubble constant $H_{0}$ through continuum delay fitting of Fairall 9

The Hubble tension remains one of the most significant unresolved problems in modern cosmology. A key question is whether it may arise from underestimated systematic uncertainties in the different measurement techniques. In this context, new independent methods are of exceptional importance. We therefore pursue a novel approach to determining the Hubble constant, $H_{0}$ based on continuum time delay and spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Unlike conventional techniques, this method is entirely independent of the cosmic distance ladder and does not require cross-calibration against other distance indicators. As a result, it enables a direct determination of $H_{0}$, free from the arbitrary normalizations that often affect indirect measurements. We conducted a dedicated monitoring campaign of the Seyfert galaxy Fairall 9 and further developed the {\tt H0RIZON-AGN} model to interpret the resulting observations. The model incorporates the effects of radiation reprocessing in the surrounding cold accretion disk, enabling a more realistic description of the observed continuum delays. Through the simultaneous modeling of the continuum lag-spectrum and the broadband SED of Fairall 9, we derived a Hubble constant of $H_{0}=72.4_{-3.7}^{+3.4} \, \rm km \, s^{-1} \, Mpc^{-1}$. Achieving a measurement precision of approximately 5% from a single source demonstrates the considerable potential of this method for independent determinations of the Hubble constant. Our determination of $H_{0}$ is broadly consistent, within the current uncertainties, with both early- and late-Universe measurements. Future applications of the method to larger datasets, particularly those provided by the Vera Rubin Observatory, are expected to reduce the uncertainty to below 1%, thereby establishing this approach as a powerful independent probe of the Hubble tension.

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arXiv2026

Extraction method for response functions from X-ray light curves of AGN by optimization algorithm

We introduce a numerical optimization method to extract the X-ray reverberation response functions from the multi-band light curves of the active galactic nuclei. This approach does not require prior assumptions about the accretion disc and corona geometry, provided that the light curves result from the superposition of direct and singly-convolved signals, consistently across all bands. By reformulating the light curve equations into the matrix form, the optimal response matrix is derived by minimizing the squared difference between the observed and reconstructed light curves using a gradient-based optimization algorithm. We demonstrate that the method can robustly accommodate up to two convolution processes, such as the reverberation and the propagation, simultaneously. When tested on the synthesized light curves, the method demonstrates robustness of the solutions to variations in the relative contributions of each light curve component as the recovered response kernel remains acceptably close to the ground truth, as evaluated by both the response geometry and the reconstructed light curves. The method's tolerance to random noise was also assessed. With appropriate denoising, the response kernel can be reliably recovered when the signal-to-noise ratio is at least $100$. We show, as a proof of concept, that the proposed method is geometrical-model independent and has the potential to offer a flexible complement to traditional approaches.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Period-Luminosity Relations, projection factor and radii of Anomalous Cepheids

Anomalous Cepheids are radially pulsating stars observed in dwarf galaxies, the Galactic bulge and halo, and globular clusters. Similarly to other radially pulsating stars, they can be used as distance indicators through their Period-Luminosity Relations (PLRs) and the geometrical Baade-Wesselink (BW) method. We aim to calibrate the zero-point of the distance scale of Anomalous Cepheids using nearby representatives of this class of pulsating stars. We collected optical and near-infrared photometry and spectra for a sample of nearby Anomalous Cepheids with twotelescopes located at the Rolf Chini Cerro Murphy Observatory and optical telescopes offered by the Las Cumbres Observatory, and with instruments hosted and operated by the European Southern Observatory. Using parallaxesmeasured by the Gaia space mission and mean magnitudes from our new photometry, we calibrate the zero-point of the PLRs in Johnson B, V, 2MASS J, H, KS , and Pan-STARRS g, r, i passbands and selected Wesenheit indices. Using the surface brightness-colour relation version of the BW technique, we also determined the projection factors and mean radii of three nearby Anomalous Cepheids. Precision of the measured zero-points is at the level of 0.04-0.05mag and their systematic uncertainty is estimated to about 0.1mag. We used our zero-points and literature photometry of the Large Magellanic Cloud Anomalous Cepheids to measure the distance modulus of this galaxy and obtained a value of 18.454$\pm$0.045(statistical) mag, in a very good agreement with the most accurate value from eclipsing binaries. The obtained projection factors are 1.38$\pm$0.13, 1.59$\pm$0.21 and 1.35$\pm$0.14 for V716 Oph, XX Vir and UY Eri, respectively. The radii measured for V716 Oph and UY Eri are in agreement with the period-radius relation obtained from the Large Magellanic Cloud Anomalous Cepheids.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2026

AGN Variability with Rubin Observatory in the 2030s

AGN variability offers a direct probe of accretion physics, disk structure, and black hole growth, but progress has been limited by sample size, cadence heterogeneity, and photometric systematics. The Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) will deliver multi-band light curves for millions of AGN, enabling variability studies at a true population scale. We synthesize recent results from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), which demonstrate that optical variability amplitudes and timescales are primarily regulated by accretion state, with secondary dependence on black hole mass and redshift, and establish the feasibility of survey-driven continuum reverberation mapping. ZTF measurements reveal optical continuum-emitting region sizes that often exceed standard thin disk predictions, implicating diffuse continuum emission from the broad line region as a significant contributor to observed inter-band lags. We evaluate the implications of LSST cadence and survey strategy, particularly the deep drilling fields, for continuum and emission line reverberation mapping, changing-look AGN, extreme variability quasars, and periodic variability searches. Key limitations of broadband photometric variability are identified, including variable emission line contamination, diffuse BLR continuum emission, and cadence-dependent lag recoverability. We argue that realizing LSST's full scientific potential requires community-scale, standardized variability metric pipelines, probabilistic classification integrated with alert brokers for follow-up triggering, and complementary medium-band photometric observations to isolate the accretion disk continuum. Together, these elements will enable LSST to convert photometric variability into quantitative constraints on accretion disks, BLR structure, and supermassive black hole growth across cosmic time.

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arXiv2025

HALO I: Photometric continuum reverberation mapping of Fairall 9

We investigate the origin of inter-band continuum time delays in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to study the structure and properties of their accretion disks. We aim to measure the inter-band continuum time delays through photometric monitoring of Seyfert galaxy Fairall 9 to construct the lag-spectrum. Additionally, we explain the observed features in the Fairall 9 lag-spectrum and discuss the potential drivers behind them, based on our newly collected data from the Obserwatorium Cerro Murphy (OCM) telescope. We initiated a long-term, continuous AGN photometric monitoring program in 2024, titled 'Hubble constant constraints through AGN Light curve Observations' (HALO) using intermediate and broad band filters. Here, we present the first results from HALO, focusing on photometric light curves and continuum time-delay measurements for Fairall 9. To complement these observations and extend the wavelength coverage of the lag-spectrum, we also reanalyzed archival Swift light curves and spectroscopic data available in the literature. Using HALO and Swift light curves, we measured inter-band continuum delays to construct the lag-spectrum of Fairall 9. Excess lags appear in the $u$ and $U$ bands (Balmer continuum contamination) and in the $I$ band (Paschen jump/dust emission from the torus). Overall, the lag-spectrum deviates significantly from standard disk model predictions. We find that inter-band delays deviate from the power-law, $τ_λ \propto λ^β$ due to BLR scattering, reprocessing, and dust contributions at longer wavelengths. Power-law fits are therefore not well suited for characterizing the nature of the time delays.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2025

Feeding frenzy in the mighty black holes: what we could learn from them?

Eddington ratio is a paramount parameter governing the accretion history and life cycles of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs). This short review presents a multi-faceted view of the importance of the Eddington ratio spanning varied AGN studies. We find that the Eddington ratio is crucial for standardizing the Radius-Luminosity (R-L) relation - a necessary step for employing quasars (QSOs) as standardizable cosmological probes to help clarify the standing of the Hubble tension. In this data-driven era, we consolidated disparate aspects by developing novel relations borne out of large datasets, such as the robust, nearly universal anti-correlation between fractional variability and Eddington ratio derived from Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) data, which is vital for interpreting forthcoming high-cadence surveys like Rubin Observatory's LSST. Addressing the conundrum where JWST results suggest an overabundance of massive high-redshift black holes, we demonstrate that local AGNs offer clarification: Changing-Look AGNs (CLAGNs), driven by rapid Eddington ratio shifts, cluster in the low-accretion regime, a rate independently confirmed by our integral field spectroscopy and photoionization modeling of a well-known Seyfert 2 galaxy, rich in high-ionization, forbidden, coronal lines. Conversely, for the high-redshift, high-luminosity population where traditional reverberation mapping (RM) is highly impractical, photometric reverberation mapping (PRM) offers a rapid alternative to constrain accretion disk sizes, enabling efficient estimates of black hole masses and Eddington ratios. Finally, we developed tailored semi-empirical spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for extremely high-accretion quasars, successfully validating their characteristic extreme physical conditions.

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arXiv2025

Extracting the X-ray reverberation response functions from the AGN light curves using an autoencoder

We study the X-ray reverberation in active galactic nuclei (AGN) using the variational autoencoder (VAE), which is a machine-learning algorithm widely used for signal processing and feature reconstruction. While the X-ray reverberation signatures that contain the information of the accretion disk and the X-ray emitting corona are commonly analyzed in the Fourier domain, this work aims to extract the reverberation response functions directly from the AGN light curves. The VAE is trained using the simulated light curves that contain the primary X-rays from the lamp-post corona varying its height and the corresponding reflection X-rays from the disk. We use progressively more realistic light-curve models, such as those that include the effects of disk-propagating fluctuations and random noises, to assess the ability of the VAE to reconstruct the response profiles. Interestingly, the VAE can recognize the reverberation patterns on the light curves, hence the coronal height can be predicted. We then deploy the VAE model to the XMM-Newton data of IRAS 13224-3809 and directly estimate, for the first time, the response functions of this source in various observations. The result reveals the corona changing its height between $3~r_{\rm g}$ and $20~r_{\rm g}$, which is correlated with the source luminosity and in line with previous literature. Finally, we discuss the advantages and limitations of this method.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

Probing the CIV continuum size luminosity relation in active galactic nuclei with photometric reverberation mapping

Reverberation mapping accurately determines virial black hole masses only for redshifts $z <$ 0.2 by utilizing the relationship between the H$β$ broad-line region (BLR) size and the 5100 Angstroms continuum luminosity established with $\sim 200$ active galactic nuclei (AGN). For quasars at $z \sim 2-3$ determining the BLR size is time-consuming and limited by seasonal gaps, requiring e.g., $\sim$ 20 years of monitoring of the CIV emission lines. In this work, we demonstrate that an efficient alternative is to use a continuum size-luminosity relation, which can be obtained up to 150 times faster than BLR sizes using photometric reverberation mapping (PRM). We outline the method and its feasibility based on simulations and propose an observational strategy that can be carried out with meter-class telescopes. In particular, we focus on the ESO La Silla 2.2 meter telescope as it is suitable for an efficient PRM campaign. These observations will provide the scaling factor between the accretion disk and the BLR size (for CIV-1350 Angstroms), which is crucial for estimating the masses of black holes at higher redshifts ($z \gtrsim 2-3$).

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arXiv2023

Accretion disks, quasars and cosmology: meandering towards understanding

As Setti & Woltjer noted back in 1973, quasars could be used to construct the Hubble diagram but the actual application was not that straightforward. It took years to implement the idea successfully. Most of the ways to use quasars for cosmology now require an advanced understanding of their structure, step by step. We briefly review this progress, with unavoidable personal bias, and concentrate on bright unobscured sources. We will mention the problem of the gas flow character close to the innermost stable circular orbit close to the black hole, discussed 50 years ago, which later led to the development of the slim disk scenario, but was recently revived in the context of Magnetically Arrested Disks (MAD) and Standard and Normal Evolution (SANE) disk models. We also discuss the hot/warm corona issue, which is still under discussion and complicates the analysis of the X-ray reflection. We present the scenario of the formation of the low ionization part of the Broad Line Region as a mostly failed wind powered by radiation pressure acting on dust (FRADO - Failed Radiatively Driven Dusty Outflow model). Next, we discuss the cosmological constraints that are currently achievable with quasars, mostly concentrating on light echo methods (continuum time delays and spectral line time delays with respect to the continuum) which are (or should be) incorporating the progress mentioned above. Finally, we briefly mention future prospects in this direction.

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arXiv2021

An absolute calibration of the near-infrared Period-Luminosity Relations of Type II Cepheids in the Milky Way and in the Large Magellanic Cloud

We present time-series photometry of 21 nearby Type II Cepheids in the near-infrared J, H and Ks passbands. We use this photometry, together with the Third Gaia Early Data Release parallaxes, to determine for the first time period-luminosity relations (PLRs) for Type II Cepheids from field representatives of these old pulsating stars in the near-infrared regime. We found PLRs to be very narrow for BL Herculis stars, which makes them candidates for precision distance indicators. We then use archival photometry and the most accurate distance obtained from eclipsing binaries to recalibrate PLRs for Type II Cepheids in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Slopes of our PLRs in the Milky Way and in the LMC differ by slightly more than 2σ and are in a good agreement with previous studies of the LMC, Galactic Bulge and Galactic Globular Clusters Type II Cepheids samples. We use PLRs of Milky Way Type II Cepheids to measure the distance to the LMC and we obtain a distance modulus of 18.540$\pm$0.026(stat.)$\pm$0.034(syst.)mag in the WJKs Wesenheit index. We also investigate the metallicity effect within our Milky Way sample and we find rather significant value of about -0.2mag/dex in each band meaning that more metal-rich Type II Cepheids are intrinsically brighter than their more metal-poor counterparts, in agreement with the value obtained from Type II Cepheids in Galactic Globular Clusters. The main source of systematic error on our Milky Way PLRs calibration and the LMC distance is the current uncertainty of the Gaia parallax zero point.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2020

Variability and the size-luminosity relation of the intermediate mass AGN in NGC 4395

We present the variability study of the lowest-luminosity Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4395 based on the photometric monitoring campaigns in 2017 and 2018. Using 22 ground-based and space telescopes, we monitored NGC 4395 with a $\sim$5 minute cadence during a period of 10 days and obtained light curves in the UV, V, J, H, and K/Ks bands as well as the H$α$ narrow-band. The RMS variability is $\sim$0.13 mag on \emph{Swift}-UVM2 and V filter light curves, decreasing down to $\sim$0.01 mag on K filter. After correcting for continuum contribution to the H$α$ narrow-band, we measured the time lag of the H$α$ emission line with respect to the V-band continuum as ${55}^{+27}_{-31}$ to ${122}^{+33}_{-67}$ min. in 2017 and ${49}^{+15}_{-14}$ to ${83}^{+13}_{-14}$ min. in 2018, depending on the assumption on the continuum variability amplitude in the H$α$ narrow-band. We obtained no reliable measurements for the continuum-to-continuum lag between UV and V bands and among near-IR bands, due to the large flux uncertainty of UV observations and the limited time baseline. We determined the AGN monochromatic luminosity at 5100Å $λL_λ= \left(5.75\pm0.40\right)\times 10^{39}\,\mathrm{erg\,s^{-1}}$, after subtracting the contribution of the nuclear star cluster. While the optical luminosity of NGC 4395 is two orders of magnitude lower than that of other reverberation-mapped AGNs, NGC 4395 follows the size-luminosity relation, albeit with an offset of 0.48 dex ($\geq$2.5$σ$) from the previous best-fit relation of Bentz et al. (2013).

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arXiv2018

Simultaneous H alpha and dust reverberation mapping of 3C120: Testing the bowl-shaped torus geometry

At the Universitaetssternwarte Bochum near Cerro Armazones we have monitored the Seyfert-1 galaxy 3C 120 between September 2014 and March 2015 in BVRI and a narrow band filter covering the redshifted H alpha line; in addition we obtained a single con-temporary spectrum with FAST at Mt. Hopkins. Compared to earlier epochs 3C 120 is about a factor of three brighter, allowing us to study the shape of the broad line region (BLR) and the dust torus in a high luminosity phase. The analysis of the light curves yields that the dust echo is rather sharp and symmetric in contrast to the more complex broad H alpha BLR echo. We investigate how far this supports an optically thick bowl-shaped BLR and dust torus geometry as proposed by Kawaguchi & Mori (2010) and Goad et al. (2012). The comparison with several parameterizations of these models supports the following geometry: the BLR clouds lie inside the bowl closely above the bowl rim, up to a half covering angle 0 deg < theta < 40 deg (measured against the equatorial plane). Then the BLR is spread over many isodelay surfaces, yielding a smeared and structured echo as observed. Furthermore, if the BLR clouds shield the bottom of the bowl rim against radiation from the nucleus, the hot dust emission comes essentially from the top edge of the bowl (40 deg < theta < 45 deg). Then, for small inclinations as for 3C120, the top dust edge forms a ring which largely coincides with a narrow range of isodelay surfaces, yielding the observed sharp dust echo. The scale height of the BLR increases with radial distance from the black hole. This leads to luminosity dependent foreshortening effects of the lag. We discuss implications and possible corrections of the foreshortening for the black hole mass determination and consequences for the lag (size) - luminosity relationships and the difference to interferometric torus sizes.

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arXiv2017

Methods of Reverberation Mapping. I. Time-lag Determination by Measures of Randomness

A class of methods for measuring time delays between astronomical time series is introduced in the context of quasar reverberation mapping, which is based on measures of randomness or complexity of the data. Several distinct statistical estimators are considered that do not rely on polynomial interpolations of the light curves nor on their stochastic modeling, and do not require binning in correlation space. Methods based on von Neumann's mean-square successive-difference estimator are found to be superior to those using other estimators. An optimized von Neumann scheme is formulated, which better handles sparsely sampled data and outperforms current implementations of discrete correlation function methods. This scheme is applied to existing reverberation data of varying quality, and consistency with previously reported time delays is found. In particular, the size-luminosity relation of the broad-line region in quasars is recovered with a scatter comparable to that obtained by other works, yet with fewer assumptions made concerning the process underlying the variability. The proposed method for time-lag determination is particularly relevant for irregularly sampled time series, and in cases where the process underlying the variability cannot be adequately modeled.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2015

The stability of the optical flux variation gradient for 3C120

New $B$- and $V$-band monitoring in 2014 $-$ 2015 reveals that the Seyfert 1 Galaxy, 3C120, has brightened by a magnitude of $1.4$, compared to our campaign that took place in 2009 $-$ 2010. This allowed us to check for the debated luminosity and time-dependent color variations claimed for SDSS quasars. For our 3C120 data, we find that the $B/V$ flux ratio of the variable component in the bright epoch is indistinguishable from the faint one. We do not find any color variability on different timescales ranging from about $1$ to $1800$ days. We suggest that the luminosity and time-dependent color variability is an artifact caused by analyzing the data in magnitudes instead of fluxes. The flux variation gradients of both epochs yield consistent estimates of the host galaxy contribution to our 7.5" aperture. These results confirm that the optical flux variation gradient method works well for Seyfert galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗