Half eigenvalues and the Fucik spectrum of multi-point, boundary value problems
We consider the nonlinear boundary value problem consisting of the equation \tag{1} -u" = f(u) + h, \quad \text{a.e. on $(-1,1)$,} where $h \in L^1(-1,1)$, together with the multi-point, Dirichlet-type boundary conditions \tag{2} u(\pm 1) = \sum^{m^\pm}_{i=1}α^\pm_i u(η^\pm_i) where $m^\pm \ge 1$ are integers, $α^\pm = (α_1^\pm, ...,α_m^\pm) \in [0,1)^{m^\pm}$, $η^\pm \in (-1,1)^{m^\pm}$, and we suppose that $$ \sum_{i=1}^{m^\pm} α_i^\pm < 1 . $$ We also suppose that $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ is continuous, and $$ 0 < f_{\pm\infty}:=\lim_{s \to \pm\infty} \frac{f(s)}{s} < \infty. $$ We allow $f_{\infty} \ne f_{-\infty}$ --- such a nonlinearity $f$ is {\em jumping}. Related to (1) is the equation \tag{3} -u" = λ(a u^+ - b u^-), \quad \text{on $(-1,1)$,} where $λ,\,a,\,b > 0$, and $u^{\pm}(x) =\max\{\pm u(x),0\}$ for $x \in [-1,1]$. The problem (2)-(3) is `positively-homogeneous' and jumping. Regarding $a,\,b$ as fixed, values of $λ= λ(a,b)$ for which (2)-(3) has a non-trivial solution $u$ will be called {\em half-eigenvalues}, while the corresponding solutions $u$ will be called {\em half-eigenfunctions}. We show that a sequence of half-eigenvalues exists, the corresponding half-eigenfunctions having specified nodal properties, and we obtain certain spectral and degree theoretic properties of the set of half-eigenvalues. These properties lead to solvability and non-solvability results for the problem (1)-(2). The set of half-eigenvalues is closely related to the `Fucik spectrum' of the problem, which we briefly describe. Equivalent solvability and non-solvability results for (1)-(2) are obtained from either the half-eigenvalue or the Fucik spectrum approach.