Analog and hybrid computing in the 21st century
Analog computers solve problems through physical representations of mathematical variables and relations, often using the dynamics of electronic circuits and their associated signals. Many analog computers directly represent nonlinear dynamical systems; they encode their solutions in the signals that they generate. Although most modern scientific computing relies on digital architectures with inherently discrete-valued representations and algorithmic approaches, the design constraints of such architectures increasingly limit both performance and energy efficiency. Analog systems can circumvent some of these constraints; they execute specific computations very efficiently by mapping them directly onto physical processes using smaller and simpler computing elements than the ones in digital architectures. In this article, we provide an interdisciplinary perspective on modern analog and hybrid (i.e., analog-digital) computing. We discuss how modern scientific computing workflows can leverage analog approaches in various applications, such as in simulating dynamical systems, performing optimization, and enabling more energy-efficient implementations of artificial intelligence.