arXiv subjects

Göran Andersson

Publications and source records attributed to Göran Andersson.

30 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2015

Optimal Power Flow with Weighted Chance Constraints and General Policies for Generation Control

Due to the increasing amount of electricity generated from renewable sources, uncertainty in power system operation will grow. This has implications for tools such as Optimal Power Flow (OPF), an optimization problem widely used in power system operations and planning, which should be adjusted to account for this uncertainty. One way to handle the uncertainty is to formulate a Chance Constrained OPF (CC-OPF) which limits the probability of constraint violation to a predefined value. However, existing CC-OPF formulations and solutions are not immune to drawbacks. On one hand, they only consider affine policies for generation control, which are not always realistic and may be sub-optimal. On the other hand, the standard CC-OPF formulations do not distinguish between large and small violations, although those might carry significantly different risk. In this paper, we introduce the Weighted CC-OPF (WCC-OPF) that can handle general control policies while preserving convexity and allowing for efficient computation. The weighted chance constraints account for the size of violations through a weighting function, which assigns a higher risk to a higher overloads. We prove that the problem remains convex for any convex weighting function, and for very general generation control policies. In a case study, we compare the performance of the new WCC-OPF and the standard CC-OPF and demonstrate that WCC-OPF effectively reduces the number of severe overloads. Furthermore, we compare an affine generation control policy with a more general policy, and show that the additional flexibility allow for a lower cost while maintaining the same level of risk.

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arXiv2015

Topology Detection in Microgrids with Micro-Synchrophasors

Network topology in distribution networks is often unknown, because most switches are not equipped with measurement devices and communication links. However, knowledge about the actual topology is critical for safe and reliable grid operation. This paper proposes a voting-based topology detection method based on micro-synchrophasor measurements. The minimal difference between measured and calculated voltage angle or voltage magnitude, respectively, indicates the actual topology. Micro-synchrophasors or micro-Phasor Measurement Units (μPMU) are high-precision devices that can measure voltage angle differences on the order of ten millidegrees. This accuracy is important for distribution networks due to the smaller angle differences as compared to transmission networks. For this paper, a microgrid test bed is implemented in MATLAB with simulated measurements from μPMUs as well as SCADA measurement devices. The results show that topologies can be detected with high accuracy. Additionally, topology detection by voltage angle shows better results than detection by voltage magnitude.

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arXiv2014

Impact of Low Rotational Inertia on Power System Stability and Operation

Large-scale deployment of RES has led to significant generation shares of variable RES in power systems worldwide. RES units, notably inverter-connected wind turbines and PV that as such do not provide rotational inertia, are effectively displacing conventional generators and their rotating machinery. The traditional assumption that grid inertia is sufficiently high with only small variations over time is thus not valid for power systems with high RES shares. This has implications for frequency dynamics and power system stability and operation. Frequency dynamics are faster in power systems with low rotational inertia, making frequency control and power system operation more challenging. This paper investigates the impact of low rotational inertia on power system stability and operation, contributes new analysis insights and offers mitigation options for low inertia impacts.

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arXiv2014

Revisiting the Merit-Order Effect of Renewable Energy Sources

An on-going debate in the energy economics and power market community has raised the question if energy-only power markets are increasingly failing due to growing feed-in shares from subsidized renewable energy sources (RES). The short answer to this is: No, they are not failing. Energy-based power markets are, however, facing several market distortions, namely from the gap between the electricity volume traded at day-ahead markets versus the overall electricity consumption as well as the (wrong) regulatory assumption that variable RES generation, i.e., wind and photovoltaic (PV), truly have zero marginal operation costs. In this paper we show that both effects over-amplify the well-known merit-order effect of RES power feed-in beyond a level that is explainable by underlying physical realities, i.e., thermal power plants being willing to accept negative electricity prices to be able to stay online due to considerations of wear & tear and start-stop constraints. We analyze the impacts of wind and PV power feed-in on the day-ahead market for a region that is already today experiencing significant feed-in tariff (FIT)-subsidized RES power feed-in, the EPEX German-Austrian market zone ($\approx\,$20% FIT share). Our analysis shows that, if the necessary regulatory adaptations are taken, i.e., increasing the day-ahead market's share of overall load demand and using the true marginal costs of RES units in the merit-order, energy-based power markets can remain functional despite high RES power feed-in.

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arXiv2014

Robust Corrective Control Measures in Power Systems with Dynamic Line Rating

Dynamic Thermal Line Rating (DLR) is deemed to be an effective way to increase transmission capacities and therefore enabling additional operational flexibility. The transmission capacities are dynamically determined based on current or expected weather conditions. First pilot projects have proven its efficiency. In this paper we present two approaches to determine the location and amount of ramping capabilities for corrective control measures in the case of errors in the forecast of the line rating. Both approaches result in robust optimization problems, where the first approach guarantees that there is a suitable remedial action for every realization of uncertainty in a given uncertainty set. The corrective control action is calculated once the forecast error is known. The second approach relies on affine policies which directly relate the current line rating to corrective control measures, if needed, which enables a decentralized operation. In case studies, the two approaches are compared and the reduction of overall operational costs is demonstrated exemplarily for different parameters.

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arXiv2014

Managing Flexibility in Multi-Area Power Systems

In this paper we present a framework to efficiently characterize the available operational flexibility in a multi-area power system. We focus on the available reserves and the tie-line flows. The proposed approach is an alternative to the current calculation of the Available Transfer Capacity (ATC), as it considers location and availability of reserves, transmission constraints, and interdependencies of tie-line flows between different areas, while it takes into account the N-1 security criterion. The method is based on computational geometry using polytopic projections. It requires only a limited amount of information exchange and does not need central coordination. The method has two versions: a passive and an active approach, where neighboring areas can share reserves. In that respect we also introduce the term "exported flexibility", which could form the basis for a new trading product in electricity markets. Case studies demonstrate the improved tie-line utilization, especially if reserves are shared, and the visualization benefits.

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arXiv2014

PV Integration in Low-Voltage Feeders with Demand Response

Increased distributed Photo-Voltaic (PV) generation leads to an increase in voltages and unwarranted backflows into the grid. This paper investigates Demand Response (DR) with Electric Water Heaters (EWHs) as a way to increase the PV hosting capacity of a low-voltage feeder. A control strategy relying only on power measurements at the transformer is proposed. Flexible loads are optimally dispatched considering energy acquisition costs, a PV shedding penalty, and power and energy constraints. Furthermore, grouping of loads and PV plants is investigated, and switching penalties are used to reduce the unnecessary switching of loads. It is shown that this strategy can substantially increase the PV hosting capacity of a Low-Voltage (LV) feeder, even when only basic controllability is available.

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arXiv2014

Grid Integration Costs of Fluctuating Renewable Energy Sources

The grid integration of intermittent Renewable Energy Sources (RES) causes costs for grid operators due to forecast uncertainty and the resulting production schedule mismatches. These so-called profile service costs are marginal cost components and can be understood as an insurance fee against RES production schedule uncertainty that the system operator incurs due to the obligation to always provide sufficient control reserve capacity for power imbalance mitigation. This paper studies the situation for the German power system and the existing German RES support schemes. The profile service costs incurred by German Transmission System Operators (TSOs) are quantified and means for cost reduction are discussed. In general, profile service costs are dependent on the RES prediction error and the specific workings of the power markets via which the prediction error is balanced. This paper shows both how the prediction error can be reduced in daily operation as well as how profile service costs can be reduced via optimization against power markets and/or active curtailment of RES generation.

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arXiv2014

Model Predictive Frequency Control Employing Stability Constraints

In this article a model predictive control (MPC) based frequency control scheme for energy storage units was derived, focusing on the incorporation of stability constraints based on Lyapunov theory and the concept of passivity. The proposed control schemes, guaranteeing closed-loop stability, are applied on a one-area and two-area power system. For the two-area power system, a coordinated (centralized) control and an uncoordinated (decentralized) control approach is conducted. The stability properties of the different MPC setups were derived, implemented and simulated. Furthermore the corresponding control performance was analyzed.

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arXiv2014

Medium-term optimization of pumped hydro storage with stochastic intrastage subproblems

This paper presents a medium-term self-scheduling optimization of pumped hydro storage power plants with detailed consideration of short-term flexibility. A decomposition of the problem into inter- and intrastage subproblems, where the intrastage problems themselves are formulated as multi-stage stochastic programs, allows the detailed consideration of short- term flexibility. The method is presented together with three alter- native approaches, where the short-term flexibility is considered differently: (1) with aggregated peak and off-peak prices, (2) with price duration curves and (3) with deterministic intrastage subproblems. The methods are compared and evaluated in a Monte Carlo operation simulation study. The study is performed on a realistic hydro power plant with consideration of revenue from ancillary services.

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arXiv2013

A New Frequency Control Reserve Framework based on Energy-Constrained Units

Frequency control reserves are an essential ancillary service in any electric power system, guaranteeing that generation and demand of active power are balanced at all times. Traditionally, conventional power plants are used for frequency reserves. There are economical and technical benefits of instead using energy constrained units such as storage systems and demand response, but so far they have not been widely adopted as their energy constraints prevent them from following traditional regulation signals, which sometimes are biased over long time-spans. This paper proposes a frequency control framework that splits the control signals according to the frequency spectrum. This guarantees that all control signals are zero-mean over well-defined time-periods, which is a crucial requirement for the usage of energy-constraint units such as batteries. A case-study presents a possible implementation, and shows how different technologies with widely varying characteristics can all participate in frequency control reserve provision, while guaranteeing that their respective energy constraints are always fulfilled.

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arXiv2013

The Global Grid

This paper puts forward the vision that a natural future stage of the electricity network could be a grid spanning the whole planet and connecting most of the large power plants in the world: this is the "Global Grid". The main driving force behind the Global Grid will be the harvesting of remote renewable sources, and its key infrastructure element will be the high capacity long transmission lines. Wind farms and solar power plants will supply load centers with green power over long distances. This paper focuses on the introduction of the concept, showing that a globally interconnected network can be technologically feasible and economically competitive. We further highlight the multiple opportunities emerging from a global electricity network such as smoothing the renewable energy supply and electricity demand, reducing the need for bulk storage, and reducing the volatility of the energy prices. We also discuss possible investment mechanisms and operating schemes. Among others, we envision in such a system a global power market and the establishment of two new coordinating bodies, the "Global Regulator" and the "Global System Operator".

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