arXiv subjects

G. A. Mamon

Publications and source records attributed to G. A. Mamon.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Supernovae Ia ejecta velocities and host galaxy environments: the role of survey-selection effects

The origin of the near-maximum-light Si II $\lambda$6355 velocity diversity among supernovae Ia (SNe Ia) remains uncertain. Previous studies have suggested that high-velocity (HV) and normal-velocity (NV) SNe Ia occupy systematically different host galaxy environments, implying differences in their progenitor populations. We re-examine this hypothesis using a sample of 354 nearby ($z\leq0.04$) spectroscopically normal SNe Ia, comprising 239 NV and 115 HV events, identified in targeted and untargeted surveys. For each SN, we determine the host galaxy morphology, galactocentric distance, and physical size, and obtain homogeneous stellar mass estimates while assessing the influence of survey-selection effects. The Si II velocity distribution is well described by two Gaussian components, confirming the NV and HV populations. We find no statistically significant differences between the galactocentric distance, host galaxy size, or stellar mass distributions of the two velocity subgroups. The environmental trends reported in previous studies are recovered only with marginal statistical significance in the targeted subsample, whereas they disappear almost entirely in the untargeted subsample, consistent with survey-selection effects playing a major role in the previously inferred environmental differences between the NV and HV events. Our results weaken the interpretation that the observed Si II velocity diversity is primarily driven by systematic differences in the global host properties examined here. Instead, they favour a scenario in which intrinsic explosion asymmetries and viewing-angle effects account for a substantial fraction of the observed velocity diversity, without excluding a possible contribution from local environmental conditions or progenitor properties.

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arXiv2026

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Searching for radio-selected \Euclid-dark galaxies in the EDF-N

We present and investigate the properties of a sample of radio-selected, Euclid-dark galaxies, identified from LOFAR HBA observations at 144 MHz within the Euclid Deep Field-North (EDF-N). Starting from radio sources lacking optical counterparts in previous surveys, but detected with Spitzer/IRAC, we identified 166 galaxies with no emission at a more than $3\sigma$ level in Euclid Quick Release 1 (Q1) images, and no matches in the Euclid Q1 catalogue. To minimise contamination from nearby sources, we selected a sub-sample of 88 isolated galaxies. By exploiting multi-band images and catalogues available for the EDF-N, we inferred the physical properties of our sample via SED fitting. The resulting redshift distribution spans $0.4 \leq z_\mathrm{ph} \leq 5.0$. We used recent sub-arcsecond imaging from the International LOFAR Telescope to constrain the nature of the compact radio emission through brightness temperature estimates. By combining this information with the radio excess relative to the infrared/radio correlation (IRRC), we searched for possible active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity. Approximately 40% of our sources show evidence of AGN activity. The Euclid-dark sources detected in the far-infrared are consistent with a population of heavily obscured, massive star-forming galaxies with high star formation rates. Their location above the star-forming main sequence is consistent with similar near-infrared-dark galaxy populations reported in the literature. We also performed a UV-to-radio median stacking analysis, finding that the two subsamples exhibit similar global physical properties and differ primarily in their radio emission. These preliminary results indicate that the wide area covered by Euclid enables the identification of a higher fraction of systems in which intense star formation and AGN activity coexist, likely capturing a key phase of galaxy--black hole co-evolution.

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arXiv2026

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Quenching precedes bulge formation in dense environments but follows it in the field

(Abridged) The bimodality between star-forming discs and quiescent spheroids requires the existence of two main processes: the galaxy quenching and the morphological transformation. In this paper, we aim to understand the link between these processes and their relation with the stellar mass of galaxies and their local environment. Taking advantage of the first data released by the Euclid Collaboration, covering more than 60 deg2 with space-based imaging and photometry, we analyse a mass-complete sample of nearly one million galaxies in the range 0.25 10^{9.5} M_\odot$. We divide the sample into four sub-populations of galaxies, based on their star-formation activity and morphology. We then analyse the physical properties of these populations and their relative abundances in the stellar mass vs. local density plane. Together with confirming the passivity-density relation and the morphology-density relation, we find that quiescent discy galaxies are more abundant in the low-mass regime of high-density environment. At the same time, star-forming bulge-dominated galaxies are more common in field regions, preferentially at high masses. Building on these results and interpreting them through comparison with simulations, we propose a scenario where the evolution of galaxies in the field significantly differs from that in higher-density environments. The morphological transformation in the majority of field galaxies takes place before the onset of quenching and is mainly driven by secular processes taking place within the main sequence, leading to the formation of star-forming bulge-dominated galaxies as intermediate-stage galaxies. Conversely, quenching of star formation precedes morphological transformation for most galaxies in higher-density environments. This causes the formation of quiescent disc-dominated galaxies before their transition into bulge-dominated ones.

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arXiv2026

Star formation quenching precedes morphological transformation in COSMOS-WEB's richest galaxy groups

We analyzed the 25 richest galaxy groups in COSMOS-Web at z = 0.18-3.65, identified via the AMICO algorithm. These groups contain 20-30 galaxies with high (>75%) membership probability. Our study reveals both passive-density and active-density relations: late-type galaxies (LTGs) prefer higher central overdensities than early-type galaxies (ETGs) across all groups, and many massive LTGs exhibit colors typical of quiescent galaxies. We identify red sequences (RS) in 5 groups, prominently established at z < 1, with early emergence in the RS locus up to z ~ 2.2. This suggests group environments represent a transitional phase where star formation quenching precedes morphological transformation, contrasting with the classical morphology-density relation in rich clusters. In the central regions (~33 arcsec / 100 kpc from centers), we identified 86 galaxies: 23 (~27%) ETGs and 63 (~73%) LTGs. High-mass galaxies (M_star > 10^10.5 M_sun) undergo rapid quenching over ~1 Gyr, becoming predominantly spheroidal ETGs. This indicates morphological transformation accelerates in massive systems during peak cosmic star formation. Intermediate-mass galaxies (10^9 < M_star/M_sun < 10^10.5) show mild quenching, while low-mass galaxies (M_star < 10^9 M_sun) remain largely star-forming; here, environmental processes suppress star formation without destroying disks, suggesting group quenching operates on longer timescales than mass quenching. Overall, mass-dependent quenching dominates the high-mass end, while environment shapes lower-mass systems. The HLAGN fraction for both groups and field increases with redshift, peaking at z ~ 2, with groups consistently showing higher fractions. We suggest AGN feedback partially drives rapid quenching in high-mass galaxies, while mergers may trigger AGN activity.

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arXiv2025

Calcium versus silicon ejecta velocities and decline rates in supernovae Ia: The role of high-velocity features

Photospheric and high-velocity features (PVFs and HVFs) of Si II $λ$6355 and Ca II IR3 lines in supernova Ia (SN Ia) spectra provide insights into ejecta structure, energetics, and circumstellar interaction, yet their interplay remains poorly understood. We analyse a representative sample of 145 nearby SNe Ia observed within $\pm$5 days of B-band maximum light, including normal, 91T-, and 91bg-like events with measured light-curve decline rates ($Δm_{15}$) and Si II and Ca II line properties from the literature. We model PVF and HVF velocity distributions using Gaussian Mixture Models, compare Si II and Ca II PVF velocity distributions, assess Ca II HVF properties, and test correlations between Si II PVF velocities and $Δm_{15}$, with emphasis on HVF effects. For the first time, we show that the Ca II PVF velocity distribution, measured for the same events at the same phases as Si II, is predominantly unimodal, in contrast to the well-known bimodal Si II PVF distribution that supports the high-velocity/normal-velocity division. This contrast likely reflects a subclass-dependent formation depth of the Ca II line, as supported by a positive correlation ($>3.3σ$) between $Δm_{15}$ and the velocity offset between Ca II and Si II PVFs, particularly in faster-declining SNe Ia. Importantly, HVFs do not significantly bias PVF velocity distributions. A significant negative correlation ($>3.3σ$) between Si II PVF velocity and $Δm_{15}$ is found only for HVF-weak SNe Ia, consistent with more energetic explosions yielding faster ejecta, while this trend vanishes in HVF-strong events, likely due to circumstellar interaction. These results underscore the critical role of HVFs and SN Ia subclass in interpreting ejecta kinematics in both models and observations.

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arXiv2025

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). First detections from the galaxy cluster workflow

The first survey data release by the Euclid mission covers approximately $63\,\mathrm{deg^2}$ in the Euclid Deep Fields to the same depth as the Euclid Wide Survey. This paper showcases, for the first time, the performance of cluster finders on Euclid data and presents examples of validated clusters in the Quick Release 1 (Q1) imaging data. We identify clusters using two algorithms (AMICO and PZWav) implemented in the Euclid cluster-detection pipeline. We explore the internal consistency of detections from the two codes, and cross-match detections with known clusters from other surveys using external multi-wavelength and spectroscopic data sets. This enables assessment of the Euclid photometric redshift accuracy and also of systematics such as mis-centring between the optical cluster centre and centres based on X-ray and/or Sunyaev--Zeldovich observations. We report 426 joint PZWav and AMICO-detected clusters with high signal-to-noise ratios over the full Q1 area in the redshift range $0.2 \leq z \leq 1.5$. The chosen redshift and signal-to-noise thresholds are motivated by the photometric quality of the early Euclid data. We provide richness estimates for each of the Euclid-detected clusters and show its correlation with various external cluster mass proxies. Out of the full sample, 77 systems are potentially new to the literature. Overall, the Q1 cluster catalogue demonstrates a successful validation of the workflow ahead of the Euclid Data Release 1, based on the consistency of internal and external properties of Euclid-detected clusters.

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arXiv2025

AXES-SDSS: Solving the puzzle of X-ray emission of optical galaxy groups via a modified Hausdorff distance

The identification of X-ray and CMB sources as galaxy groups and clusters is a prerequisite for cluster cosmology. But the identification of groups, especially nearby ones, suffers from projection effects which in turn affect the purity of the sample. In X-rays, the position of the cluster can be given either by the peak of the emission, or by the full information content of the cluster image. Similarly, the optical center, or its member galaxies, can describe the optical counterpart. With the progress of numerical simulations, it is currently feasible to reproduce both the optical group membership assignment and the behavior of the group outskirts in X-rays, and therefore there is an opportunity to define a reproducible group identification procedure. We performed two-way matching between X-ray contours, drawn at a fixed surface brightness level corresponding to a baryonic overdensity of ~500, to the projected galaxy positions using a modified Hausdorff distance (MHD). We used the volume-limited SDSS group catalog to evaluate the purity and completeness of the procedure, maintaining the constant performance of the optical group finder with redshift. We find that an MHD of 0.631 Mpc provides 90% purity. This is a clear improvement over the methods that rely on the optical counterparts' distance and richness. We study the purity versus MHD and the completeness versus redshift and velocity dispersion. Over half of nearby groups have X-ray emission, even those with velocity dispersions as low as 200km/s; this has never previously been demonstrated. The bulk of these groups follow the same scaling relations as the groups with a small separation between the optical and X-ray centers, removing feedback as an explanation for the lack of matches in previous studies. Instead, the problem is caused by over-merging in the optical group catalog construction and source confusion in X-rays.

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arXiv2025

Modelling the selection of galaxy groups with end to end simulations

Feedback from supernovae and AGN shapes galaxy formation and evolution, yet its impact remains unclear. Galaxy groups offer a crucial probe, as their binding energy is comparable to that available from their central AGN. The XMM-Newton Group AGN Project (X-GAP) is a sample of 49 groups selected in X-ray (ROSAT) and optical (SDSS) bands, providing a benchmark for hydrodynamical simulations. In sight of such a comparison, understanding selection effects is essential. We aim to model the selection function of X-GAP by forward modelling the detection process in the X-ray and optical bands. Using the Uchuu simulation, we build a halo light cone, predict X-ray group properties with a neural network trained on hydro simulations, and assign galaxies matching observed properties. We compare the selected sample to the parent population. Our method provides a sample that matches the observed distribution of X-ray luminosity and velocity dispersion. The 50% completeness is reached at a velocity dispersion of 450 km/s in the X-GAP redshift range. The selection is driven by X-ray flux, with secondary dependence on velocity dispersion and redshift. We estimate a 93% purity level in the X-GAP parent sample. We calibrate the velocity dispersion-halo mass relation. We find a normalisation and slope in agreement with the literature, and an intrinsic scatter of about 0.06 dex. The measured velocity dispersion is accurate within 10% only for rich systems with more than about 20 members, while the velocity dispersion for groups with less than 10 members is biased at more than 20%. The X-ray follow-up refines the optical selection, enhancing purity but reducing completeness. In an SDSS-like setup, velocity dispersion measurement errors dominate over intrinsic scatter. Our selection model will enable the comparisons of thermodynamic properties and gas fractions between X-GAP groups and hydro simulations.

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arXiv2025

Tracing Galaxy Evolution in infalling galaxies of Abell 496: From Starburst to Quenching

During the fall of late-type galaxies into clusters, they can experiment a variety of evolutionary mechanisms according their local environment. Consequently, studying the UV emission and the cold gas of late-type galaxies provide key insights in the evolution of short-lived starburst and galaxy quenching. In this work, we conduted a study of two 28' fields observed with UVIT-AstroSat in the central region of the Abell cluster A496 ($z=0.033$), including HI, data from NRAO VLA. We reported 22 cluster members detected in FUV; all of them are detected in HI, or have upper limits for the HI-mass. We find our FUV detected galaxies generally have higher specific star formation rates than other star forming galaxies. Most of the FUV galaxies with masses above 10$^9 \mathrm{M}_{\odot}$,and showing high sSFR have no close neighbors, pointing at RPS as the dominant mechanism affecting them. In contrast, most of the low-mass FUV objects present at least one companion, suggesting that tidal interactions also play an important role in the triggering of infalling galaxies. Combining the FUV-SFR with the HI properties of the observed galaxies in A496 we identify an evolutionary sequence consisting of five stages: (1) Pre-triggering, (2) Initial SF-triggering, (3) Peak of star-formation, (4) SF-fading, and (5) SF-quenching. During this path, normal gas-rich objects reach a gas-deficiency phase with SFR well below the main sequence. This process, prior to becoming a full passive galaxy, can be accomplished within a few 10$^{8}$ yr.

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arXiv2025

Dark matter fraction derived from the M31 rotation curve

Mass estimates of a spiral galaxy derived from its rotation curve must account for the galaxy's past accretion history. There are several lines of evidence indicating that M31 experienced a major merger 2 to 3 Gyr ago. Here, we have generated a dynamical model of M31 as a merger remnant that reproduces most of its properties, from the central bar to the outskirts. The model accounts for the past major merger, and reproduces the details of M31's rotation curve, including its 14 kpc bump and the observed increase of velocity beyond 25 kpc. Furthermore, we find non-equilibrium and oscillatory motions in the gas of the merger-remnant outskirts caused by material in a tidal tail returning to the merger remnant. A total dynamical M31 mass of 4.5 $\times 10^{11} M_{\odot}$ within 137 kpc has been obtained after scaling it to the observed HI rotation curve. Within this radial distance, 68% of the total dynamical mass is dark.

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arXiv2024

The Milky Way accretion history compared to cosmological simulations -- from bulge to dwarf galaxy infall

Galactic halos are known to grow hierarchically, inside out. This implies a correlation between the infall lookback time of satellites and their binding energy. Cosmological simulations predict a linear relation between the infall lookback time and the logarithm of the binding energy, with a small scatter. Gaia measurements of the bulk proper motions of globular clusters and dwarf satellites of the Milky Way are sufficiently accurate to establish the kinetic energies of these systems. Assuming the gravitational potential of the Milky Way, we can deduce the binding energies of the dwarf satellites and those of the galaxies that were previously accreted by the Milky Way. This can be compared to cosmological simulations for the first time. The relation of the infall lookback time versus binding energy we found in a cosmological simulation matches that for the early accretion events when the simulated total Milky Way mass within 21 kpc was rescaled to 2 $10^{11}$ solar masses. This agrees well with previous estimates from globular cluster kinematics and from the rotation curve. However, the vast majority of the dwarf galaxies are clear outliers to this rescaled relation, unless they are very recent infallers. In other words, the very low binding energies of most dwarf galaxies compared to Sgr and previous accreted galaxies suggests that most of them were accreted much later than 8 or even 5 Gyr ago. We also found that the subhalo systems in some cosmological simulations are too dynamically hot when they are compared to identified Milky Way substructures. This leads to an overestimated impact of satellites on the Galaxy rotation curve.

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arXiv2024

Euclid preparation: TBD. The impact of line-of-sight projections on the covariance between galaxy cluster multi-wavelength observable properties -- insights from hydrodynamic simulations

Cluster cosmology can benefit from combining multi-wavelength studies, which can benefit from characterising the correlation coefficients between different mass-observable relations. In this work, we aim to provide information on the scatter, the skewness, and the covariance of various mass-observable relations in galaxy clusters in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. This information will help future analyses to better tackle accretion histories and projection effects and model mass observable relations for cosmology studies.We identify galaxy clusters in Magneticum Box2b simulations with mass $M_{\rm 200c}>10^{14} {\rm M}_\odot$ at redshift $z=0.24$ and $z=0.90$. Our analysis includes \Euclid-derived properties such as richness, stellar mass, lensing mass, and concentration. Additionally, we investigate complementary multi-wavelength data, including X-ray luminosity, integrated Compton-$y$ parameter, gas mass, and temperature. The impact of projection effects on mass-observable residuals and correlations is then examined. At intermediate redshift ($z=0.24$), projection effects impact lensing concentration, richness, and gas mass the most in terms of scatter and skewness of log-residuals of scaling relations. The contribution of projection effects can be significant enough to boost a spurious hot- vs. cold-baryons correlation and consequently hide underlying correlations due to halo accretion histories. At high redshift ($z=0.9$), the richness has a much lower scatter (of log-residuals), and the quantity that is most impacted by projection effects is the lensing mass. Lensing concentration reconstruction, in particular, is affected by deviations of the reduced-shear profile shape from the one derived by an NFW profile rather than interlopers in the line of sight.

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arXiv2024

AXES-2MRS: A new all-sky catalogue of extended X-ray galaxy groups

We present a new all-sky catalogue of X-ray detected groups (AXES-2MRS), based on the identification of large X-ray sources found in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS) with the Two Micron Redshift Survey (2MRS) Bayesian Group Catalogue. We study the basic properties of these galaxy groups to gain insights into the effect of different group selections on the properties. In addition to X-ray luminosity coming from shallow survey data of RASS, we have obtained detailed X-ray properties of the groups by matching the AXES-2MRS catalogue to archival X-ray observations by XMM-Newton and complemented this by adding the published XMM-Newton results on galaxy clusters in our catalogue. We analyse temperature and density to the lowest overdensity accessible by the data, obtaining hydrostatic mass estimates and comparing them to the velocity dispersions of the groups. We find a large spread in the central mass to virial mass ratios for galaxy groups in the XMM-Newton subsample. This can either indicate large non-thermal pressure of galaxy groups affecting our X-ray mass measurements, or the effect of a diversity of halo concentrations on X-ray properties of galaxy groups. Previous catalogues, based on detecting the peak of the X-ray emission preferentially sample the high-concentration groups, while our new catalogue includes many low-concentration groups. Abridged.

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arXiv2024

Challenges in focal plane and telescope calibration for High-Precision Space Astrometry

With sub-microarcsecond angular accuracy, the \theia telescope will be capable of revealing the architectures of nearby exoplanetary systems down to the mass of Earth. This research addresses the challenges inherent in space astrometry missions, focusing on focal plane calibration and telescope optical distortion. We propose to assess the future feasibility of large-format detectors (50 to 200 megapixels) in a controlled laboratory environment. The aim is to improve the architecture of the focal plane while ensuring that specifications are met. The use of field stars as metrological sources for calibrating the optical distortion of the field may help to constrain telescope stability. The paper concludes with an attempt to confirm in the laboratory the performance predicted by simulations. We will also address the possibility of using such techniques with a dedicated instrument for the Habitable World Observatory.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2024

AXES-SDSS: comparison of SDSS galaxy groups with all-sky X-ray extended sources

We revisit the picture of X-ray emission of groups through the study of systematic differences in the optical properties of groups with and without X-ray emission and study the effect of large-scale density field on scaling relations. We present the identification of X-ray galaxy groups using a combination of RASS and SDSS data. We include new X-ray reanalysis of RASS, to include very extended (up to a size of half a degree) sources and account for differences in the limiting sensitivity towards compact and very extended X-ray emission. X-ray groups exhibit less scatter in the scaling relations and selecting the groups based on the extended X-ray emission leads to an additional scatter reduction. Most of the scatter for the optical groups is associated with a small (6%) fraction of outliers, primarily associated with low optical luminosity groups found in dense regions of the cosmic web. These groups are the primary candidates for being the contaminants in the optical group catalogues. Removing those groups from the optical group sample using optically measured properties only, leads to a substantial reduction in the scatter in the most scaling relations of the optical groups. We find a density dependence of both the X-ray and optical luminosity of groups, which we associate with the assembly bias. Abridged.

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arXiv2024

Euclid: Early Release Observations -- A preview of the Euclid era through a galaxy cluster magnifying lens

We present the first analysis of the Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) program that targets fields around two lensing clusters, Abell 2390 and Abell 2764. We use VIS and NISP imaging to produce photometric catalogs for a total of $\sim 500\,000$ objects. The imaging data reach a $5\,σ$ typical depth in the range 25.1-25.4 AB in the NISP bands, and 27.1-27.3 AB in the VIS band. Using the Lyman-break method in combination with photometric redshifts, we identify $30$ Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) candidates at $z>6$ and 139 extremely red sources (ERSs), most likely at lower redshift. The deeper VIS imaging compared to NISP means we can routinely identify high-redshift Lyman breaks of the order of $3$ magnitudes, which reduces contamination by brown dwarf stars and low-redshift galaxies. Spectroscopic follow-up campaigns of such bright sources will help constrain both the bright end of the ultraviolet galaxy luminosity function and the quasar luminosity function at $z>6$, and constrain the physical nature of these objects. Additionally, we have performed a combined strong lensing and weak lensing analysis of A2390, and demonstrate how Euclid will contribute to better constraining the virial mass of galaxy clusters. From these data, we also identify optical and near-infrared counterparts of known $z>0.6$ clusters, which exhibit strong lensing features, establishing the ability of Euclid to characterize high-redshift clusters. Finally, we provide a glimpse of Euclid's ability to map the intracluster light out to larger radii than current facilities, enabling a better understanding of the cluster assembly history and mapping of the dark matter distribution. This initial dataset illustrates the diverse spectrum of legacy science that will be enabled by the Euclid survey.

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arXiv2024

Euclid. V. The Flagship galaxy mock catalogue: a comprehensive simulation for the Euclid mission

We present the Flagship galaxy mock, a simulated catalogue of billions of galaxies designed to support the scientific exploitation of the Euclid mission. Euclid is a medium-class mission of the European Space Agency optimised to determine the properties of dark matter and dark energy on the largest scales of the Universe. It probes structure formation over more than 10 billion years primarily from the combination of weak gravitational lensing and galaxy clustering data. The breath of Euclid's data will also foster a wide variety of scientific analyses. The Flagship simulation was developed to provide a realistic approximation to the galaxies that will be observed by Euclid and used in its scientific analyses. We ran a state-of-the-art N-body simulation with four trillion particles, producing a lightcone on the fly. From the dark matter particles, we produced a catalogue of 16 billion haloes in one octant of the sky in the lightcone up to redshift z=3. We then populated these haloes with mock galaxies using a halo occupation distribution and abundance matching approach, calibrating the free parameters of the galaxy mock against observed correlations and other basic galaxy properties. Modelled galaxy properties include luminosity and flux in several bands, redshifts, positions and velocities, spectral energy distributions, shapes and sizes, stellar masses, star formation rates, metallicities, emission line fluxes, and lensing properties. We selected a final sample of 3.4 billion galaxies with a magnitude cut of H_E<26, where we are complete. We have performed a comprehensive set of validation tests to check the similarity to observational data and theoretical models. In particular, our catalogue is able to closely reproduce the main characteristics of the weak lensing and galaxy clustering samples to be used in the mission's main cosmological analysis. (abridged)

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2023

CODEX: Role of velocity substructure in the scaling relations of galaxy clusters

The use of galaxy clusters as cosmological probes relies on a detailed understanding of their properties. We aim to update the spectroscopic cluster identification of CODEX by running the spectroscopic group finder on the follow-up spectroscopy results and connecting the dynamical state of clusters to their scaling relations. We implemented a reproducible spectroscopic membership determination and cleaning procedures, based on the redMaPPer membership, running the spectroscopic group finder on the follow-up spectroscopy results and cleaning the membership for spectroscopic outliers. We applied the Anderson-Darling test for velocity substructure and analysed its influence on the scaling relations. We also tested the effect of the X-ray-to-optical centre offset on the scaling relations. We report on the scaling relations between richness, X-ray luminosity, and velocity dispersion for a complete sample of clusters with at least 15 members. Clusters with velocity substructure exhibit enhanced velocity dispersion for a given richness and are characterized by 2.5 times larger scatter. Clusters that have a strong offset in X-ray-to-optical centres have comparable scaling relations as clusters with substructure. We demonstrate that there is a consistency in the parameters of the scaling relations for the low- and high-richness galaxy clusters. Splitting the clusters by redshift, we note a decrease in scatter with redshift in all scaling relations. We localize the redshift range where a high scatter is observed to $z<0.15$, which is in agreement with the literature results on the scatter. We note that the increase in scatter for both high- and low-luminosity clusters is $z<0.15$, suggesting that both cooling and the resulting active galactic nucleus feedback are at the root of this scatter. Abridged.

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