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G. B. Dalton

Publications and source records attributed to G. B. Dalton.

17 recordsLinked to original sources

WEAVE imaging spectroscopy of NGC 6720: an iron bar in the Ring

We present spatially resolved spectroscopic observations of the planetary nebula NGC 6720, the Ring Nebula, taken during the science verification phase of WEAVE, a new instrument mounted on the William Herschel Telescope on La Palma. We use the instrument's Large Integral Field Unit (LIFU) to obtain spectra of the Ring Nebula, covering its entire optically bright inner regions as well as parts of its much fainter outer molecular halo. We report the discovery of emission from [Fe~{\sc v}] and [Fe~{\sc vi}] confined to a narrow ``bar'' extending across the central regions of the nebula. No lines of other elements share this morphology or, at the spectral resolving power used ($R \sim 2500$), the same radial velocity. The extent to which iron in this bar is depleted is presently unclear; comparison with JWST-detected dust continuum emission suggests that some dust grain destruction may be occurring in the region, but there is currently no observational evidence for the $>$ 50~km\,s$^{-1}$ shock waves or $T > 10^6$~K X-ray emitting gas needed to enable this. Where the bar is located along the line of sight through the nebula, and how it was created, are new puzzles to be solved for this iconic planetary nebula.

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WEAVE First Light Observations: Origin and Dynamics of the Shock Front in Stephan's Quintet

We present a detailed study of the large-scale shock front in Stephan's Quintet, a byproduct of past and ongoing interactions. Using integral-field spectroscopy from the new William Herschel Telescope Enhanced Area Velocity Explorer (WEAVE), recent 144 MHz observations from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS), and archival data from the Very Large Array and James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), we obtain new measurements of key shock properties and determine its impact on the system. Harnessing the WEAVE large integral field unit's (LIFU) field of view (90 $\times$ 78 arcsec$^{2}$), spectral resolution ($R\sim2500$) and continuous wavelength coverage across the optical band, we perform robust emission line modeling and dynamically locate the shock within the multi-phase intergalactic medium (IGM) with higher precision than previously possible. The shocking of the cold gas phase is hypersonic, and comparisons with shock models show that it can readily account for the observed emission line ratios. In contrast, we demonstrate that the shock is relatively weak in the hot plasma visible in X-rays (with Mach number of $\mathcal{M} \sim 2 - 4$), making it inefficient at producing the relativistic particles needed to explain the observed synchrotron emission. Instead, we propose that it has led to an adiabatic compression of the medium, which has increased the radio luminosity ten-fold. Comparison of the Balmer line-derived extinction map with the molecular gas and hot dust observed with JWST suggests that pre-existing dust may have survived the collision, allowing the condensation of H$_{2}$ - a key channel for dissipating the shock energy.

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Multi-Object Spectroscopy with the European ELT: Scientific synergies between EAGLE & EVE

The EAGLE and EVE Phase A studies for instruments for the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) originated from related top-level scientific questions, but employed different (yet complementary) methods to deliver the required observations. We re-examine the motivations for a multi-object spectrograph (MOS) on the E-ELT and present a unified set of requirements for a versatile instrument. Such a MOS would exploit the excellent spatial resolution in the near-infrared envisaged for EAGLE, combined with aspects of the spectral coverage and large multiplex of EVE. We briefly discuss the top-level systems which could satisfy these requirements in a single instrument at one of the Nasmyth foci of the E-ELT.

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GYES, a multifibre spectrograph for the CFHT

We have chosen the name of GYES, one of the mythological giants with one hundred arms, offspring of Gaia and Uranus, for our instrument study of a multifibre spectrograph for the prime focus of the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Such an instrument could provide an excellent ground-based complement for the Gaia mission and a northern complement to the HERMES project on the AAT. The CFHT is well known for providing a stable prime focus environment, with a large field of view, which has hosted several imaging instruments, but has never hosted a multifibre spectrograph. Building upon the experience gained at GEPI with FLAMES-Giraffe and X-Shooter, we are investigating the feasibility of a high multiplex spectrograph (about 500 fibres) over a field of view 1 degree in diameter. We are investigating an instrument with resolution in the range 15000 to 30000, which should provide accurate chemical abundances for stars down to 16th magnitude and radial velocities, accurate to 1 km/s for fainter stars. The study is led by GEPI-Observatoire de Paris with a contribution from Oxford for the study of the positioner. The financing for the study comes from INSU CSAA and Observatoire de Paris. The conceptual study will be delivered to CFHT for review by October 1st 2010.

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Bright Lyman-alpha Emitters at z~9: constraints on the luminosity function from HiZELS

New results are presented, as part of the Hi-z Emission Line Survey (HiZELS), from the largest area survey to date (1.4 sq.deg) for Lyman-alpha emitters (LAEs) at z~9. The survey, which is primarily targeting H-alpha emitters at z<3, uses the Wide Field CAMera on the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope and a custom narrow-band filter in the J band and reaches a Lyman-alpha luminosity limit of ~10^43.8 erg/s over a co-moving volume of 1.12x10^6 Mpc^3 at z=8.96+-0.06. Only 2 candidates were found out of 1517 line emitters and those were rejected as LAEs after follow-up observations. The limit on the space density of bright LAEs is improved by 3 orders of magnitude, consistent with suppression of the bright end of the Lyman-alpha luminosity function beyond z~6. Combined with upper limits from smaller but deeper surveys, this rules out some of the most extreme models for high-redshift LAEs. The potential contamination of future narrow-band Lyman-alpha surveys at z>7 by Galactic brown dwarf stars is also examined, leading to the conclusion that such contamination may well be significant for searches at 7.7<z<8.0, 9.1<z<9.5 and 11.7 < z < 12.2.

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HiZELS: a high redshift survey of H-alpha emitters. II: the nature of star-forming galaxies at z=0.84

New results from a large survey of H-alpha emission-line galaxies at z=0.84 using WFCAM/UKIRT and a custom narrow-band filter in the J band are presented as part of the HiZELS survey. Reaching an effective flux limit of 1e-16 erg/s/cm^2 in a comoving volume of 1.8e5 Mpc^3, this represents the largest and deepest survey of its kind ever done at z~1. There are 1517 potential line emitters detected across 1.4 sq.deg of the COSMOS and UKIDSS UDS fields, of which 743 are selected as H-alpha emitters. These are used to calculate the H-alpha luminosity function, which is well-fitted by a Schechter function with phi*=10^(-1.92+-0.10) Mpc^-3, L*=10^(42.26+-0.05)erg/s, and alpha=-1.65+-0.15. The integrated star formation rate density (SFRD) at z=0.845 is 0.15+-0.01 M_sun/yr/Mpc^3. The results robustly confirm a strong evolution of SFRD from the present day out to z~1 and then flattening to z~2, using a single star-formation indicator. Out to z~1, both the characteristic luminosity and space density of the H-alpha emitters increase significantly; at higher redshifts, L* continues to increase, but phi* decreases. The z=0.84 H-alpha emitters are mostly disk galaxies (82+-3%), while 28+-4% of the sample show signs of merger activity and contribute ~20% to the total SFRD. Irregulars and mergers dominate the H-alpha luminosity function above L*, while disks are dominant at fainter luminosities. These results demonstrate that it is the evolution of 'normal' disk galaxies that drives the strong increase in the SFRD from the current epoch to z~1, although the continued strong evolution of L* beyond z=1 suggests an increasing importance of merger activity at higher redshifts.

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The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey: the luminosity function of cluster galaxies

We have determined the composite luminosity function (LF) for galaxies in 60 clusters from the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey. The LF spans the range $-22.5<M_{b_{\rm J}}<-15$, and is well-fitted by a Schechter function with ${M_{b_{\rm J}}}^{*}=-20.07\pm0.07$ and $α=-1.28\pm0.03$ ($H_0$=100 km s$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$, $Ω_M$=0.3, $Ω_Λ$=0.7). It differs significantly from the field LF of \cite{mad02}, having a characteristic magnitude that is approximately 0.3 mag brighter and a faint-end slope that is approximately 0.1 steeper. There is no evidence for variations in the LF across a wide range of cluster properties. However the LF of early-type galaxies in clusters is both brighter and steeper than its field counterpart. The differences between the field and cluster LFs for the various spectral types can be qualitatively explained by the suppression of star formation in the dense cluster environment, together with mergers to produce the brightest early-type galaxies.

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The BTC40 Survey for Quasars at 4.8 < z < 6

The BTC40 Survey for high-redshift quasars is a multicolor search using images obtained with the Big Throughput Camera (BTC) on the CTIO 4-m telescope in V, I, and z filters to search for quasars at redshifts of 4.8 < z < 6. The survey covers 40 sq. deg. in B, V, & I and 36 sq. deg. in z. Limiting magnitudes (3 sigma) reach to V = 24.6, I = 22.9 and z = 22.9. We used the (V-I) vs. (I-z) two-color diagram to select high-redshift quasar candidates from the objects classified as point sources in the imaging data. Follow-up spectroscopy with the AAT and CTIO 4-m telescopes of candidates having I < 21.5 has yielded two quasars with redshifts of z = 4.6 and z = 4.8 as well as four emission line galaxies with z = 0.6. Fainter candidates have been identified down to I = 22 for future spectroscopy on 8-m class telescopes.

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Studying large-scale structure with the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey

The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey is the first to observe more than 100,000 redshifts. This allows precise measurements of many of the key statistics of galaxy clustering, in particular redshift-space distortions and the large-scale power spectrum. This paper presents the current 2dFGRS results in these areas. Redshift-space distortions are detected with a high degree of significance, confirming the detailed Kaiser distortion from large-scale infall velocities, and measuring the distortion parameter beta equiv Omega_m^{0.6}/b = 0.43 +- 0.07. The power spectrum is measured to < 10% accuracy for k > 0.02 h Mpc^{-1}, and is well fitted by a CDM model with Omega_m h = 0.20 +- 0.03 and a baryon fraction of 0.15 +- 0.07. A joint analysis with CMB data requires Omega_m = 0.29 +- 0.05, assuming scalar fluctuations, but no priors on other parameters. Two methods are used to determine the large-scale bias parameter: an internal bispectrum analysis yields b = 1.04 +- 0.11, in very good agreement with the b = 1.10 +- 0.08 obtained from a joint 2dFGRS+CMB analysis, again assuming scalar fluctuations. These figures refer to galaxies of approximate luminosity 2L^*; luminosity dependence of clustering is detected at high significance, and is well described by b/b^* = 0.85 + 0.15(L/L^*).

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The Anglo-Australian Observatory's 2dF Facility

The 2dF (Two-degree Field) facility at the prime focus of the Anglo-Australian Telescope provides multiple object spectroscopy over a 2 degree field of view. Up to 400 target fibres can be independently positioned by a complex robot. Two spectrographs provide spectra with resolutions of between 500 and 2000, over wavelength ranges of 440nm and 110nm respectively. The 2dF facility began routine observations in 1997. 2dF was designed primarily for galaxy redshift surveys and has a number of innovative features. The large corrector lens incorporates an atmospheric dispersion compensator, essential for wide wavelength coverage with small diameter fibres. The instrument has two full sets of fibres on separate field plates, so that re-configuring can be done in parallel with observing. The robot positioner places one fibre every 6 seconds, to a precision of 0.3 arcsec (20micron) over the full field. All components of 2dF, including the spectrographs, are mounted on a 5-m diameter telescope top-end ring for ease of handling and to keep the optical fibres short in order to maximise UV throughput . There is a pipeline data reduction system which allows each data set to be fully analysed while the next field is being observed. In this paper we provide the historical background to the 2dF facility, the design philosophy, a full technical description and a summary of the performance of the instrument. We also briefly review its scientific applications and possible future developments.

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The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey: Spectra and redshifts

The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) is designed to measure redshifts for approximately 250000 galaxies. This paper describes the survey design, the spectroscopic observations, the redshift measurements and the survey database. The 2dFGRS uses the 2dF multi-fibre spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope, which is capable of observing 400 objects simultaneously over a 2-degree diameter field. The source catalogue for the survey is a revised and extended version of the APM galaxy catalogue, and the targets are galaxies with extinction-corrected magnitudes brighter than b_J=19.45. The main survey regions are two declination strips, one in the southern Galactic hemisphere spanning 80deg x 15deg around the SGP, and the other in the northern Galactic hemisphere spanning 75deg x 10deg along the celestial equator; in addition, there are 99 fields spread over the southern Galactic cap. The survey covers 2000 sq.deg and has a median depth of z=0.11. Adaptive tiling is used to give a highly uniform sampling rate of 93% over the whole survey region. Redshifts are measured from spectra covering 3600A-8000A at a two-pixel resolution of 9.0A and a median S/N of 13 per pixel. All redshift identifications are visually checked and assigned a quality parameter Q in the range 1-5; Q>=3 redshifts are 98.4% reliable and have an rms uncertainty of 85 km/s. The overall redshift completeness for Q>=3 redshifts is 91.8%, but this varies with magnitude from 99% for the brightest galaxies to 90% for objects at the survey limit. The 2dFGRS database is available on the WWW at http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/2dFGRS

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Optical and X-ray clusters as tracers of the supercluster-void network. III Distribution of Abell and APM clusters

We present a comparison of Abell and APM clusters of galaxies as tracers of the large scale structure of the Universe. We investigate selection functions of both cluster catalogs. We show that the supercluster-void network can be traced with both cluster samples; the network has a well-defined period of ~120 h^{-1} Mpc. We calculate the correlation function and the power spectrum for Abell and APM cluster samples. The APM cluster sample with measured redshifts covers a small volume which contains only a few very rich superclusters that surround one void and have exceptionally large mutual separations. Due to this property the maximum of the power spectrum of APM clusters with measured velocities is shifted to larger scales than the corresponding feature in the power spectrum of Abell clusters. We conclude that the APM sample is not representative for the large-scale structure as a whole due to the small space coverage. We present a catalog of superclusters of galaxies, based on APM clusters up to a redshift z_{lim}=0.13.

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On the CCD Calibration of Zwicky galaxy magnitudes & The Properties of Nearby Field Galaxies

We present CCD photometry for galaxies around 204 bright (m_Z < 15.5) Zwicky galaxies in the equatorial extension of the APM Galaxy Survey, sampling and area over 400 square degrees, which extends 6 hours in right ascension. We fit a best linear relation between the Zwicky magnitude system, m_Z, and the CCD photometry, B, by doing a likehood analysis that corrects for Malmquist bias. This fit yields a mean scale error in Zwicky of 0.38 mag per magnitude: ie Delta m_Z = (0.62 \pm 0.05) Delta B and a mean zero point of = -0.35 \pm 0.15 mag. The scatter around this fit is about 0.4 mag. Correcting the Zwicky magnitude system with the best fit model results in a 60% lower normalization and 0.35 mag brighter M_* in the luminosity function. This brings the CfA2 luminosity function closer to the other low redshift estimations (eg Stromlo-APM or LCRS). We find a significant positive angular correlation of magnitudes and position in the sky at scales smaller than about 5 armin, which corresponds to a mean separation of 120 Kpc/h. We also present colours, sizes and ellipticities for galaxies in our fields which provides a good local reference for the studies of galaxy evolution.

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The Origin of the Cosmic Soft X-Ray Background: Optical Identification of an Extremely Deep ROSAT Survey

We present the results of the deepest optically identified X-ray survey yet made. The X-ray survey was made with the ROSAT PSPC and reaches a flux limit of 1.6x10^-15 erg cm^-2 s^-1 (0.5--2.0 keV). Above a flux limit of 2x10^-15 erg cm^-2 s^-1 we define a complete sample of 70 sources of which 59 are identified. Some (5) other sources have tentative identifications and in a further 4 the X-ray error-boxes are blank to R=23 mag. At the brighter flux levels (>= 10^-14 erg cm^-2 s^-1) we confirm the results of previous less deep X-ray surveys with 84% of the sources begin QSOs. At fainter fluxes, however, the survey is dominated by a population of galaxies with narrow optical emission lines (NELGs). In addition, a number of groups and clusters of galaxies are found at intermediate fluxes. Most of these are poor systems of low X-ray luminosity and are generally found at redshifts of > 0.3. Their numbers are consistent with a zero evolutionary scenario, in contrast to the situation for high luminosity clusters at the same redshift. We discuss the significance of these results to the determination of the cosmic soft X-ray background (XRB) and show that at 2x10^-15 erg cm^-2 s^-1, we have resolved more than 50% of the background. We also briefly consider the probable importance of NELG objects to the residual background and look at some of the properties of these unusual objects.

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THE APM CLUSTER SURVEY: CLUSTER DETECTION AND LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE

The APM Cluster Survey was based on a modification of Abell's original classification scheme for galaxy clusters. Here we discuss the results of an investigation of the stability of the statistical properties of the cluster catalogue to changes in the selection parameters. For a poor choice of selection parameters we find clear indications of line-of-sight clusters, but there is a wide range of input parameters for which the statistical properties of the catalogue are stable. We conclude that clusters selected in this way are indeed useful as tracers of large-scale structure.

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The Two-Point Correlation Function of Rich Clusters of Galaxies: Results from an Extended APM Cluster Redshift Survey

We present new estimates of the spatial two-point correlation function of rich clusters of galaxies selected from the APM Galaxy Survey. We have measured redshifts for a sample of $364$ clusters out to a depth of $\sim 450\hmpc$. The clusters have a mean space density of $\bar{n} = 3.4\times 10^{-5}\hmpccc$. The two-point correlation function, $ξ_{cc}$, for this sample is equal to unity at a pair-separation of $r_0 = 14.3\pm1.75\hmpc$ (2$σ$ errors), consistent with our earlier results from a smaller sample. The new observations provide an accurate determination of the shape of $ξ_{cc}$ to pair-separations of about $50\hmpc$. Our results show that $ξ_{cc}$ has a higher amplitude than expected according to the standard $Ω=1$ cold dark matter (CDM) model on spatial scales $2\simlt s \simlt 50\hmpc$, but are in good agreement with scale-invariant fluctuations in either a low density CDM model or a critical density universe made up of a mixture of hot and cold dark matter. Our results provide strong constraints on so called `co-operative' models of galaxy formation in which the galaxy formation process introduces large-scale structure in the galaxy distribution.

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The Apm Galaxy Survey IV: Redshifts of Rich Clusters of Galaxies

We present redshifts for a sample of 229 clusters selected from the APM Galaxy Survey, 189 of which are new redshift determinations. Non-cluster galaxy redshifts have been rejected from this sample using a likelihood ratio test based on the projected and apparent magnitude distributions of the cluster fields. We test this technique using cluster fields in which redshifts have been measured for more than 10 galaxies. Our redshift sample is nearly complete and has been used in previous papers to study the three dimensional distribution of rich clusters of galaxies. 157 of the clusters in our sample are listed in the Abell catalogue or supplement, and the remainder are new cluster identifications.

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