arXiv subjects

G. C. Dewangan

Publications and source records attributed to G. C. Dewangan.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2016

Accretion disc-corona and jet emission from the radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy RX J1633.3+4719

We perform X-ray/ultraviolet (UV) spectral and X-ray variability studies of the radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) galaxy RX J1633.3+4719 using XMM-Newton and Suzaku observations from 2011 and 2012. The 0.3-10 keV spectra consist of an ultrasoft component described by an accretion disc blackbody (kT_in = 39.6^{+11.2}_{-5.5} eV) and a power law due to the thermal Comptonization (Γ = 1.96^{+0.24}_{-0.31}) of the disc emission. The disc temperature inferred from the soft excess is at least a factor of 2 lower than that found for the canonical soft excess emission from radio-quiet NLS1s. The UV spectrum is described by a power law with photon index 3.05^{+0.56}_{-0.33}. The observed UV emission is too strong to arise from the accretion disc or the host galaxy, but can be attributed to a jet. The X-ray emission from RX J1633.3+4719 is variable with fractional variability amplitude $F_{\rm var}$=13.5$\pm1.0$ per cent. In contrast to radio-quiet active galactic nuclei (AGN), X-ray emission from the source becomes harder with increasing flux. The fractional rms variability increases with energy and the rms spectrum is well described by a constant disc component and a variable power-law continuum with the normalization and photon index being anticorrelated. Such spectral variability cannot be caused by variations in the absorption and must be intrinsic to the hot corona. Our finding of possible evidence for emission from the inner accretion disc, jet and hot corona from RX J1633.3+4719 in the optical to X-ray bands makes this object an ideal target to probe the disc-jet connection in AGN.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2015

Accretion disk/corona emission from a radio-loud narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxy PKS 0558-504

Approximately 10-20% of Active Galactic Nuclei are known to eject powerful jets from the innermost regions. There is very little observational evidence if the jets are powered by spinning black holes and if the accretion disks extend to the innermost regions in radio-loud AGN. Here we study the soft X-ray excess, the hard X-ray spectrum and the optical/UV emission from the radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy PKS 0558-504 using Suzaku and Swift observations. The broadband X-ray continuum of PKS 0558- 504 consists of a soft X-ray excess emission below 2 keV that is well described by a blackbody (kTe ~ 0.13 keV) and high energy emission that is well described by a thermal Comptonisation (compps) model with kTe ~ 250 keV, optical depth τ ~ 0.05 (spherical corona) or kTe ~ 90 keV, τ ~ 0.5 (slab corona). The Comptonising corona in PKS 0558-504 is likely hotter than in radio-quiet Seyferts such as IC 4329A and Swift J2127.4+5654. The observed soft X-ray excess can be modelled as blurred reflection from an ionised accretion disk or optically thick thermal Comptonisation in a low temperature plasma. Both the soft X-ray excess emission when interpreted as the blurred reflection and the optical/UV to soft X-ray emission interpreted as intrinsic disk Comptonised emission implies spinning (a > 0.6) black hole. These results suggest that disk truncation at large radii and retrograde black hole spin both are unlikely to be the necessary conditions for launching the jets.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2015

Variations in the Cyclotron Resonant Scattering Features during 2011 outburst of 4U 0115+63

We study the variations in the Cyclotron Resonant Scattering Feature (CRSF) during 2011 outburst of the high mass X-ray binary 4U 0115+63 using observations performed with Suzaku, RXTE, Swift and INTEGRAL satellites. The wide-band spectral data with low energy coverage allowed us to characterize the broadband continuum and detect the CRSFs. We find that the broadband continuum is adequately described by a combination of a low temperature (kT ~ 0.8 keV) blackbody and a power-law with high energy cutoff (Ecut ~ 5.4 keV) without the need for a broad Gaussian at ~ 10 keV as used in some earlier studies. Though winds from the companion can affect the emission from the neutron star at low energies (< 3 keV), the blackbody component shows a significant presence in our continuum model. We report evidence for the possible presence of two independent sets of CRSFs with fundamentals at ~ 11 keV and ~ 15 keV. These two sets of CRSFs could arise from spatially distinct emitting regions. We also find evidence for variations in the line equivalent widths, with the 11 keV CRSF weakening and the 15 keV line strengthening with decreasing luminosity. Finally, we propose that the reason for the earlier observed anti-correlation of line energy with luminosity could be due to modelling of these two independent line sets (~ 11 keV and ~ 15 keV) as a single CRSF.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2015

Millihertz quasi-periodic oscillations and broad iron line from LMC X-1

We study the temporal and energy spectral characteristics of the persistent black hole X-ray binary LMC X-1 using two XMM-Newton and a Suzaku observation. We report the discovery of low frequency (~ 26-29 mHz) quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). We also report the variablity of the broad iron K-alpha line studied earlier with Suzaku. The QPOs are found to be weak with fractional rms amplitude in the ~ 1-2 % range and quality factor Q~2-10 . They are accompanied by weak red noise or zero-centered Lorentzian components with rms variability at the ~ 1-3 % level. The energy spectra consists of three varying components - multicolour disk blackbody (kT_{in} ~ 0.7-0.9 keV), high energy power-law tail (Gamma ~ 2.4 - 3.3) and a broad iron line at 6.4-6.9 keV. The broad iron line, the QPO and the strong power-law component are not always present. The QPOs and the broad iron line appear to be clearly detected in the presence of a strong power-law component. The broad iron line is found to be weaker when the disk is likely truncated and absent when the power-law component almost vanished. These results suggest that the QPO and the broad iron line together can be used to probe the dynamics of the accretion disk and the corona.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2013

A multi-wavelength study of nuclear activity and environment of a low power radio galaxy CTD 86

We present an X-ray study of the nuclear and extended emission of a nearby Fanaroff & Riley class I (FR-I) radio galaxy CTD 86 based on the \xmm{} observations. Two different components observed are : diffuse thermal emission from hot gas ($kT\sim 0.79\kev$, $n_e\sim 10^{-3}{\rm cm^{-3}}$, $L_X \sim 5\times10^{42}{\rm erg s^{-1}}$ extended over $\sim 186{\rm kpc}$), and unresolved nuclear emission exhibiting mild activity. The hot gaseous environment of CTD 86 is similar to that found in groups of galaxies or in bright early-type galaxies. No clear signatures of radio-lobe interaction with the diffuse hot gas is evident in this case. X-ray emission from the nucleus is well constrained by an intrinsically absorbed ($N_H \sim 5.9\times10^{22}{\rm cm^{-2}}$) power law ($Γ\sim 1.5$) with $2-10\kev$ luminosity $L_X \sim 2.1\times10^{42}{\rm erg s^{-1}}$. We have measured the stellar velocity dispersion, $σ=182\pm8\kms$, for the CTD 86 and estimated a mass $M_{BH}\sim 9\times 10^7{\rm M_\odot}$ with $L_{bol}/L_{Edd} \sim 4\times10^{-3}$. The low $L_{bol}/L_{Edd}$ rate and high $L_X/L_{[O III]}$ ratio suggest that the central engine of CTD 86 consists of a truncated accretion disk lacking a strong ionizing UV radiation and an inner hot flow producing the X-ray emission. The truncated disk is likely to be inclined with ($i\sim40^\circ-50^\circ$) such that our line of sight passes through the outer regions of a putative torus and thus results in high X-ray absorption. We have also identified two bright X-ray sources, SDSS J142452.11+263715.1 and SDSS J142443.78+263616.2, near CTD 86. SDSS J142452.11+263715.1 is a type 1 active galactic nucleus at $z=0.3761$ and unabsorbed $0.3-10\kev$ X-ray luminosity $L_X\sim 8 \times 10^{43}{\rm erg s^{-1}}$, while SDSS J142443.78+263616.2 is probably a galaxy with an active nucleus.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2013

Spectral variability of IRAS 18325-5926 and constraints on the geometry of the scattering medium

We analyze Suzaku and XMM-Newton data of the highly variable Seyfert 2, IRAS 18325-5926. The spectra of the source are well modeled as a primary component described as an absorbed power law and a secondary power law component which is consistent with being scattered emission from an on-axis extended highly ionized medium. We show that while the primary component varies on a wide range of timescales from $10^{4} - 10^{8}$ s, the scattered emission is variable only on timescales longer than $10^{5}$ s. This implies that the extent of the scattering medium is greater than $10^{16}$ cm. The ratio of the scattered to primary flux ($\sim 0.03$) implies a column density for the scattering medium to be $\sim 10^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$. We argue that for such a medium to be highly ionized it must be located less than $10^{17}$ cm from the X-ray source. Thus we localize the position and extent of scattering region to be $\sim$ a few $\times 10^{16}$ cm, with an average particle density of $\sim 10^{6}$ cm$^{-3}$. We consider the physical interpretation of these results and as an aside, we confirm the presence of a broad Iron line emission in both the {\it XMM-Newton} and {\it Suzaku} observations.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2013

Mid-Infrared and X-ray luminosity correlations of X-ray point sources in NGC 1399

It is known that the IR and X-ray luminosities of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are correlated with L_{IR} ~ L_{X}. Moreover, the IR flux ratio between the 5.8 and 3.6 μm bands is a good distinguishing characteristic of AGN or AGN-like behaviour. On the other hand, Galactic X-ray binaries (GXB) are under-luminous in the IR with L_{IR} << L_{X}. Since Ultra-luminous X-ray sources in nearby galaxies may be an intermediate class between AGN and GXB, it is interesting to study if their IR properties indicate which kind of objects they resemble. We use Spitzer IRAC images to identify mid-IR counterparts of bright X-ray sources, detected by Chandra in the elliptical galaxy NGC 1399. We find that for sources with AGN-like IR flux ratios, the IR luminosity strongly correlates with that in X-rays, L_{IR} ~ L_{X}, while for the others, there is no correlation between the two. Some of the former objects may be background AGN. If they are not strongly contaminated by background AGN, this result extends the IR-X-ray luminosity correlation down to L_{X} ~ 10^{39} ergs/s. We calculate their g-z colours and find that the bright X-ray sources with IR counterparts are typically blue in optical color. This is in contrast to typical X-ray sources, without IR counterparts which have predominantly red optical counterparts. We highlight the need for IR or optical spectra of these sources to distinguish background AGN and unveil the effect of the X-ray emission on the different environments of these systems.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2013

X-ray spectral cut-off and the lack of hard X-ray emission from two ultraluminous X-ray sources M81 X-6 and Holmberg IX X-1

We present broadband X-ray spectral study of two ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs), M81 X-6 and Holmberg IX X-1 based on Suzaku & XMM-Newton observations. We perform joint broadband spectral analysis of the brightest sources in the field, i.e. the two ULXs and the active galactic nucleus (AGN) in M81, and demonstrate that the X-ray spectra of the ULXs cut off at energies more than about 3keV with negligible contribution at high energies in the Suzaku HXD/PIN band. The 90% upper limit on the 10-30keV band luminosity of an underlying broadband power-law component is 3.5e38 ergs/s for M81 X-6 and 1.2e39ergs/s for Holmberg IX X-1. These limits are more than an order of magnitude lower than the bolometric (0.1-30 keV) luminosity of 6.8e39ergs/s for M81 X-6 and 1.9e40 ergs/s for Holmberg IX X-1. Our results confirm earlier indications of spectral cut-offs inferred from the XMM-Newton observations of bright ULXs and show that there isn't an additional high energy power-law component contributing significantly to the X-ray emission. The spectral form of the two ULXs are very different from those of Galactic black hole X-ray binaries (BHBs) or AGNs. This implies that the ULXs are neither simply scaled-up versions of stellar mass BHBs or scaled-down versions of AGNs.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2011

The central point source in G76.9+1.0

We describe the serendipitous discovery of a radio point source in a 618 MHz image of the supernova remnant(SNR) G76.9+1.0. The SNR has a bipolar structure and the point source is located near a faint bridge of emission joining the two lobes of emission. The point source was also detected in follow-up higher frequency(1170 MHz) observations. The spectral index for the point source obtained from the GMRT observations is alpha = -2.1. The steep spectrum, as well as the location of the point source near the centre of the SNR establish the fact that it is indeed the pulsar J2022+3842 associated with this SNR. Consistent with this, subsequent analysis of archival Chandra X-ray data shows a point source coincident with the radio point source, as well as diffuse extended X-ray emission surrounding the unresolved source. However, no pulsed emission was detected despite deep searches at both 610 MHz and 1160 MHz although pulsed emission has been seen at 2 GHz with the GBT. It appears that the most likely reason for not detecting the pulsed signal at the GMRT is temporal broadening: for the estimated DM towards this SNR, the pulse broadening time could be as large as tens of milliseconds. The diffuse X-ray emission is elongated along the same direction as the bipolar structure seen in the radio. We interpret the radio lobes as having been formed from an equatorial wind. Although direct detection of pulsed signal has not been possible, we show convincingly that sensitive, high-resolution, radio imaging at multiple frequencies is a useful method to search for pulsar candidates.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2011

Black Hole Mass Limits for Optically Dark X-ray Bright Sources in Elliptical Galaxies

Estimation of the black hole mass in bright X-ray sources of nearby galaxies is crucial to the understanding of these systems and their formation. However, the present allowed black hole mass range spans five order of magnitude (10Msun < M < 10^5 Msun) with the upper limit obtained from dynamical friction arguments. We show that the absence of a detectable optical counterpart for some of these sources, can provide a much more stringent upper limit. The argument is based only on the assumption that the outer regions of their accretion disks is a standard one. Moreover, such optically dark X-ray sources cannot be foreground stars or background active galactic nuclei, and hence must be accreting systems residing within their host galaxies. As a demonstration we search for candidates among the point-like X-ray sources detected with Chandra in thirteen nearby elliptical galaxies. We use a novel technique to search for faint optical counterparts in the HST images whereby we subtract the bright galaxy light based on isophotal modeling of the surface brightness. We show that for six sources with no detectable optical emission at the 3$-$sigma level, their black hole masses M_{BH} < 5000Msun. In particular, an ultra-luminous X-ray source (ULX) in NGC 4486 has M_{BH} < 1244 Msun. We discuss the potential of this method to provide stringent constraints on the black hole masses, and the implications on the physical nature of these sources.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2009

Associated Spectral and Temporal State Transition of the bright ULX NGC1313 X-1

(Abridged) Stellar mass black hole X-ray binaries exhibit X-ray spectral states which also have distinct and characteristic temporal properties. These states are believed to correspond to different accretion disk geometries. We present analysis of two long XMM-Newton observations of the Ultra-Luminous X-ray source (ULX) NGC 1313 X-1, which reveal that the system was in two different spectral/temporal states. With a count rate of 1.5 counts/s and a fractional variability amplitude of ~15%, the ULX was in a high flux and strongly variable state in March 2006. In October 2006, the count rate of the ULX had reduced by a factor of ~2 and the spectral shape was distinctly different with the presence of a soft component. No strong variability was detected during this low flux state with an upper limit on the amplitude < 3%. Moreover, the spectral properties of the two states implies that the accretion disk geometry was different for them. The low flux state is consistent with a model where a standard accretion disk is truncated at a radius of ~17 Schwarzschild radius around a ~200 Msun black hole. The inner hot region Comptonizes photons from the outer disk to give the primary spectral component. The spectrum of the high flux state is not compatible with such a geometry. Instead, it is consistent with a model where a hot corona covers a cold accretion disk and Comptonizes the disk photons. The variability as a function of energy is also shown to be consistent with the corona model. Despite these broad analogies with Galactic black hole systems, the spectral nature of the ULX is distinct in having a colder Comptonizing temperature (~2 keV) and higher optical depth (~15) than what is observed for the Galactic ones.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2008

X-ray emission from active galactic nuclei with intermediate mass black holes

We present a systematic X-ray study of eight AGNs with intermediate mass black holes (M_BH 8-95x10^4 Msun) based on 12 XMM-Newton observations. The sample includes the two prototype AGNs in this class - NGC4395 and POX52 and six other AGNs discovered with the SDSS. These AGNs show some of the strongest X-ray variability with the normalized excess variances being the largest and the power density break time scales being the shortest observed among radio-quiet AGNs. The excess variance -- luminosity correlation appears to depend on both the BH mass and the Eddington luminosity ratio. The break time scale -- black hole mass relations for AGN with IMBHs are consistent with that observed for massive AGNs. We find that the FWHM of the Hbeta or Halpha line is uncorrelated with the BH mass, but shows strong anticorrelation with the Eddington luminosity ratio. Four AGNs show clear evidence for soft X-ray excess emission (kT_in~150-200eV). X-ray spectra of three other AGNs are consistent with the presence of the soft excess emission. NGC4395 with lowest L/L_Edd lacks the soft excess emission. Evidently small black mass is not the primary driver of strong soft X-ray excess emission from AGNs. The X-ray spectral properties and optical-to-X-ray spectral energy distributions of these AGNs are similar to those of Seyfert 1 galaxies. The observed X-ray/UV properties of AGNs with IMBHs are consistent with these AGNs being low mass extension of more massive AGNs; those with high Eddington luminosity ratio looking more like narrow-line Seyfert 1s while those with low $L/L_{Edd}$ looking more like broad-line Seyfert 1s.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2007

An investigation of the origin of soft X-ray excess emission from Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies Akn564 and Mrk1044

We investigate the origin of the soft X-ray excess emission from narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies Akn564 and Mrk1044 using XMM-Newton observations. We find clear evidence for time delays between the soft and hard X-ray emission from Akn564 based on a 100ks long observation. The variations in the 4-10keV band lag behind that in the 0.2-0.5keV band by 1768+/-122s. The full band power density spectrum (PDS) of Akn~564 has a break at ~1.2e-3Hz with power-law indices of ~1 and ~3 below and above the break. The hard (3-10keV) band PDS is stronger and flatter than that in the soft (0.2-0.5keV) band. Based on a short observation of Mrk1044, we find no correlation between the 0.2-0.3keV and 5-10keV bands at zero lag. These observations imply that the soft excess is not the reprocessed hard X-ray emission. The high resolution spectrum of Akn564 obtained with the RGS shows evidence for a highly ionized and another weakly ionized warm absorber medium. The smeared wind and blurred ionized reflection models do not describe the pn data adequately. The spectrum is consistent with a complex model consisting of optically thick Comptonization in a cool plasma for the soft excess and a steep power-law, modified by two warm absorber media as inferred from the RGS data and the foreground Galactic absorption. The smeared wind and optically thick Comptonization models both describe the spectrum of Mrk1044 satisfactorily, but the ionized reflection model requires extreme parameters. The data suggest two component corona -- a cool, optically thick corona for the soft excess and a hot corona for the power-law component. The existence of a break in the soft band PDS suggests a compact cool corona that can either be an ionized surface of the inner disk or an inner optically thick region coupled to a truncated disk.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2007

Time lags in Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies and the origin of their soft excess emission

The origin of soft X-ray excess emission from type 1 active galactic nuclei has remained a major problem for the last two decades. It has not been possible to distinguish alternative models for the soft excess emission despite the excellent data quality provided by XMM-Newton and Chandra. Here we present observations of time lags between the soft and hard band X-ray emission and discuss the implications to the models for the soft excess. We also device a method to distinguish the models for the soft excess using Suzaku's broadband capability.

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arXiv2007

Relativistic Iron K Emission and absorption in the Seyfert 1.9 galaxy MCG-5-23-16

We present the results of the simultaneous deep XMM and Chandra observations of the bright Seyfert 1.9 galaxy MCG-5-23-16, which is thought to have one of the best known examples of a relativistically broadened iron K-alpha line. The time averaged spectral analysis shows that the iron K-shell complex is best modeled with an unresolved narrow emission component (FWHM < 5000 km/s, EW ~ 60 eV) plus a broad component. This latter component has FWHM ~ 44000 km/s and EW ~ 50 eV. Its profile is well described by an emission line originating from an accretion disk viewed with an inclination angle ~ 40^\circ and with the emission arising from within a few tens of gravitational radii of the central black hole. The time-resolved spectral analysis of the XMM EPIC-pn spectrum shows that both the narrow and broad components of the Fe K emission line appear to be constant in time within the errors. We detected a narrow sporadic absorption line at 7.7 keV which appears to be variable on a time-scale of 20 ksec. If associated with Fe XXVI Ly-alpha this absorption is indicative of a possibly variable, high ionization, high velocity outflow. The variability of this absorption feature appears to rule out a local (z=0) origin. The analysis of the XMM RGS spectrum reveals that the soft X-ray emission of MCG-5-23-16 is likely dominated by several emission lines superimposed on an unabsorbed scattered power-law continuum. The lack of strong Fe L shell emission together with the detection of a strong forbidden line in the O VII triplet is consistent with a scenario where the soft X-ray emission lines are produced in a plasma photoionized by the nuclear emission.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2006

Quasi Periodic Oscillations and Strongly Comptonized X-ray emission from Holmberg IX X-1

We report the discovery of a 200mHz quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) in the X-ray emission from a bright ultra-luminous X-ray source (ULX) Holmberg IX X-1 using a long XMM-Newton observation. The QPO has a centroid at 202.5_{-3.8}^{+4.9}mHz, a coherence Q ~9.3 and an amplitude (rms) of 6% in the 0.2-10keV band. This is only the second detection of a QPO from an ULX, after M82 X-1, and provides strong evidence against beaming. The power spectrum is well fitted by a power law with an index of ~0.7. The total integrated power (rms) is ~9.4% in the 0.001-1Hz range. The X-ray spectrum shows clear evidence for a soft X-ray excess component that is well described by a multicolor disk blackbody (kT_in ~ 0.3keV) and a high energy curvature that can be modeled either by a cut-off power law (Gamma ~ 1; E_cutoff ~9keV) or as a strongly Comptonized continuum in an optically thick (tau ~7.3) and cool (kT_e ~3keV) plasma. Both the presence of the QPO and the shape of the X-ray spectrum strongly suggest that the ULX is not in the high/soft or thermally dominated state. A truncated disk and inner optically thick corona may explain the observed X-ray spectrum and the presence of the QPO.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2005

Evidence for a high energy curvature in the XMM-Newton spectrum of the ULX NGC1313 X-1

ASCA X-ray spectra of many ULXs were described in terms of optically thick emission from hot (kT ~1-2keV) accretion disks, while recent XMM-Newton and Chandra observations have revealed a cool (kT ~0.2keV), soft X-ray excess emission from a number of them. Here we utilize improved calibration and high signal-to-noise XMM-Newton spectra of NGC1313 X-1 to present evidence for a cool (~0.2keV) soft excess and a curved or a cutoff power-law (Gamma ~1-1.5, E_cutoff ~3-8keV). The high energy curvature may also be described by a hot (~1-2.5keV) multicolor disk blackbody. The soft excess emission is unlikely to arise from a cool disk as its blackbody temperature is similar in three XMM-Newton observations, despite a change in the observed flux by a factor of about two. Thus, previous estimates of the black hole mass of 1000Msun for NGC1313 X-1 based on the temperature of the soft excess emission is unlikely to be correct. The power-law cutoff energy is found to decrease from ~8keV to \~3keV when the ULX brightened by a factor of about two. The unusual spectral properties of NGC1313 X-1 are difficult to understand in the framework of the disk/corona models generally adopted for the black hole binaries or active galactic nuclei and may require to invoke super-critical accretion rates.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2005

Type 2 counterparts of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies

Unified models of Seyfert galaxies, based on viewing angles, successfully explain the observed differences between type 1 and 2 Seyferts. The existence of a range in accretion rates relative to the Eddington rate (from broad-line Seyfert 1s to narrow-line Seyfert 1s or NLS1s) and the unification of Seyfert galaxies imply that there must be type 2 counterparts of NLS1 galaxies i.e., Seyfert 2s with high accretion rate or small black hole mass. One such Seyfert 2, NGC5506, has already been unmasked based on near infra-red spectroscopy. Here we confirm the above result, and present evidence for two additional type 2 counterparts of NLS1s based on XMM-Newton observations. The three AGNs NGC7314, NGC7582 and NGC5506, with a type 1.9/2 optical spectrum, show extremely rapid variability by factors >2.4, 1.3, and 1.7 in 200s, 350s and 300s, respectively, and steep 2-12 keV spectrum in their intrinsic X-ray emission, characteristic of NLS1 galaxies. These observations establish the obscured NLS1 galaxies as a subclass of Seyfert 2 galaxies.

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