arXiv subjects

G. Cavoto

Publications and source records attributed to G. Cavoto.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Dark Matter Sensitivity of the CYGNO Detector with HFO-1234ze Enhanced Gas Mixtures

The CYGNO collaboration introduces an innovative approach to direct dark matter detection, proposing a high-resolution optical Time Projection Chamber. It operates at atmospheric pressure with a He:CF$_{4}$ (60:40) gas mixture and uses a triple Gas Electron Multiplier stage for signal amplification. A key feature is its optical readout system, which captures the scintillation light produced during the electron avalanche. This setup allows 3D event reconstruction by combining the time profile of the light detected by photomultiplier tubes with high-granularity, pixelated X-Y tracking recorded by a scientific camera. The CYGNO experiment's projected sensitivity to both spin-independent and spin-dependent interactions is competitive in the framework of directional dark matter detectors. However, incorporating a hydrogen-based gas would introduce an even lighter target, further improving the detection potential at low dark matter masses. In this work, we present the performance characterization of one of the CYGNO experiment prototypes, MANGO, operated with the standard gas mixture enriched with varying concentrations of HFO-1234ze, a gas with a promising low global warming potential. The study includes measurements of the detector charge gain and scintillation yield for each configuration. In addition, to evaluate the impact of HFO-1234ze on scintillation light quenching, the secondary scintillation spectrum was collected for each gas mixture tested.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2026

He-CF4-CH4 ternary mixtures as target gas for the CYGNO directional dark matter experiment

The CYGNO collaboration is advancing a high-resolution optical Time Projection Chamber (TPC) for directional dark matter searches and solar neutrino spectroscopy at LNGS. The detector uses a He-40%CF4 gas mixture at atmospheric pressure and a triple-GEM cascade for ionization signal amplification. Scintillation light from GEM electron avalanches is read out using sCMOS cameras, enabling high sensitivity to interactions in the few keV range, alongside precise ionization event tracking and particle identification. This study investigates the effects of adding 3-10% methane to the He-40%CF4 mixture. Methane improves the electrical stability of the TPC, allowing for higher GEM voltages before discharge onset, which compensates for its scintillation quenching and leads to enhanced overall scintillation yield. Compared to prior studies performed with isobutane, methane demonstrates a lower quenching effect on visible and UV photons while maintaining good energy resolution. Importantly, the inclusion of methane lowers the dark matter detection threshold by providing a lighter target and extending track lengths of light nuclear recoils, thus enhancing directional discrimination. These results establish methane as a promising additive for optimizing CYGNO's performance in detecting low-mass dark matter candidates.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2026

The CYGNO experiment: a gaseous TPC with optical readout for rare events searches

The CYGNO collaboration is developing a novel strategy for directional Dark Matter searches based on a gaseous Time Projection Chamber (TPC). The detector is optimized for the exploration of light (0.5-50 GeV) WIMPs-like particles and employs a He/CF4 gas mixture at atmospheric pressure, sensitive to both spin-dependent and spin-independent interactions. A key feature of the project is its optical readout, which relies on photon detection rather than charge collection. In CYGNO detectors, electrons released by ionizing tracks drift toward an amplification stage of three Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs). The electron avalanches generate scintillation light that is captured by scientific CMOS (sCMOS) cameras for high-resolution two-dimensional imaging and by Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs) that provide a precise time profile along the drift direction. This allows a 3D event reconstruction, detailed energy deposition mapping, and effective topology and head-to-tail discrimination. Building on the achievements of the 50 L prototype (LIME), which successfully operated underground at LNGS, the next step is the deployment of a 0.4 m3 demonstrator, CYGNO-04, to be completed in 2026. The demonstrator will validate scalability and confirm the advantages of the proposed technique. Recent results from LIME highlight strong progress in 3D tracking and particle identification. The current status of CYGNO-04 and its role in advancing the program will be presented as well.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2026

Upgrade of the Trigger and Data Acquisition System for Continuous Imaging and Multi-Camera Operation in CYGNO

The CYGNO experiment employs an optical readout to image particle interactions in a gaseous Time Projection Chamber (TPC), combining cameras and photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) to achieve high spatial resolution and timing information. This approach enables detailed track reconstruction but poses significant challenges for data acquisition, particularly in view of the next experimental phase, CYGNO-04, which will operate multiple cameras simultaneously. In this paper, we present an upgrade of the CYGNO Trigger and Data Acquisition (T-DAQ) system, developed starting from the LIME configuration and validated on the MANGO prototype. The upgrade introduces a continuous imaging acquisition mode, substantially reducing the camera dead time, together with an extended trigger time-tagging scheme that provides a robust global time reference for PMT signals. A synchronous multi-camera DAQ architecture is also implemented and tested, enabling coordinated operation of multiple optical sensors without a master camera. The performance of the upgraded system is validated through dedicated tests, demonstrating stable continuous acquisition, reliable time-tagging, and consistent synchronization across multiple cameras. These results establish a solid and scalable foundation for the CYGNO-04 DAQ and represent a key step toward efficient data acquisition in future large-scale optical TPC detectors.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2026

First Optical Observation of Negative Ion Drift at Surface Pressure

We report the first observation of Negative Ion Drift (NID) at surface pressure of $900 \pm 7$ mbar at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in a He:CF$_4$:SF$_6$ mixture using an optically read out Time Projection Chamber (TPC) within the CYGNO/INITIUM project. We present the first PMT waveform analysis in the NID regime, interpreting the temporal light pattern through a model that combines track geometry and charge transport. The inferred drift velocities correspond to mobilities of O(cm$^2$ V$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$), consistent with negative ion transport. The observed linear scaling of the time extension mean with drift distance reveals the presence of a faster minority charge carrier population in addition to the dominant SF$_6^-$ species, drifting at a $\sim$25\% higher velocity under external inputs. These results demonstrate multi-species negative ion drift operation at surface pressure in a He:CF$_4$:SF$_6$ mixture and open a concrete path toward large scale, low diffusion optical TPCs for rare event searches.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2026

Towards Low-Energy Electron High-Resolution Spectroscopy with Transition-Edge Sensors

We present a study of the energy resolution of transition-edge sensors (TESs) for the detection of electrons in the 100 eV kinetic energy range. The TES is a Ti-Au bilayer with an active area of $(60 \times 60)$ $\mu \text{m}^2$ and a critical temperature of $\sim$ 80 mK. The electron source is based on vertically-aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes located inside the cryostat, with electrons generated via field emission. For electrons in the (92 - 99) eV kinetic energy range, we obtain a Gaussian energy resolution for fully-absorbed electrons of (0.479 $\pm$ 0.041 $\pm$ 0.055) eV. When considering the full-width at half-maximum of the peak, the corresponding resolution is of (1.44 $\pm$ 0.17 $\pm$ 0.27) eV. The former represents an improvement of (46 - 60)% with respect to previous results, and is mainly attributed to the reduction in the TES active area. The latter is instead an improvement of over a factor of 20, and is mainly due to the reduction in the emitting area of the electron source, which significantly suppresses electron back-scattering in proximity of the TES. These results represent a major milestone toward high-precision spectroscopy on low-energy electrons, which is a key objective for the PTOLEMY experiment.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2026

Trigger Optimization and Event Classification for Dark Matter Searches in the CYGNO Experiment Using Machine Learning

The CYGNO experiment employs an optical-readout Time Projection Chamber (TPC) to search for rare low-energy interactions using finely resolved scintillation images. While the optical readout provides rich topological information, it produces large, sparse megapixel images that challenge real-time triggering, data reduction, and background discrimination. We summarize two complementary machine-learning approaches developed within CYGNO. First, we present a fast and fully unsupervised strategy for online data reduction based on reconstruction-based anomaly detection. A convolutional autoencoder trained exclusively on pedestal images (i.e. frames acquired with GEM amplification disabled) learns the detector noise morphology and highlights particle-induced structures through localized reconstruction residuals, from which compact Regions of Interest (ROIs) are extracted. On real prototype data, the selected configuration retains (93.0 +/- 0.2)% of reconstructed signal intensity while discarding (97.8 +/- 0.1)% of the image area, with ~25 ms per-frame inference time on a consumer GPU. Second, we report a weakly supervised application of the Classification Without Labels (CWoLa) framework to data acquired with an Americium--Beryllium neutron source. Using only mixed AmBe and standard datasets (no event-level labels), a convolutional classifier learns to identify nuclear-recoil-like topologies. The achieved performance approaches the theoretical limit imposed by the mixture composition and isolates a high-score population with compact, approximately circular morphologies consistent with nuclear recoils.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2026

Simulation of the CYGNO Gaseous TPC Optical Readout

Gaseous Time Projection Chambers with Optical Readout are sensitive detectors suitable for 3D measurement of low-energy O(1 keV) particles and are proposed for detecting rare events such as Dark Matter particle interactions. The CYGNO collaboration is developing such a detector with a high spatial and energy resolution, leveraging an innovative optical readout system. A reliable simulation of the detector response is needed to properly assess the physics reach of this technique and to better understand the performance of the detector in the development phase. Such a simulation cannot entirely rely on existing software packages; indeed, none of the available tools is capable of properly and reliably treating the different phenomena occurring in the detector, from the primary interaction in the gas volume throughout the whole detector response model, including charge transport, light production and propagation, and the response of the optical sensors. In this paper, we present a modeling of the detector response tuned on the CYGNO Optical TPC case; a description of the method is reported together with comparisons with experimental data from the LIME prototype to demonstrate the simulation performances.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2025

Fast reconstruction-based ROI triggering via anomaly detection in the CYGNO optical TPC

Optical-readout Time Projection Chambers (TPCs) produce megapixel-scale images whose fine-grained topological information is essential for rare-event searches, but whose size challenges real-time data selection. We present an unsupervised, reconstruction-based anomaly-detection strategy for fast Region-of-Interest (ROI) extraction that operates directly on minimally processed camera frames. A convolutional autoencoder trained exclusively on pedestal images learns the detector noise morphology without labels, simulation, or fine-grained calibration. Applied to standard data-taking frames, localized reconstruction residuals identify particle-induced structures, from which compact ROIs are extracted via thresholding and spatial clustering. Using real data from the CYGNO optical TPC prototype, we compare two pedestal-trained autoencoder configurations that differ only in their training objective, enabling a controlled study of its impact. The best configuration retains (93.0 +/- 0.2)% of reconstructed signal intensity while discarding (97.8 +/- 0.1)% of the image area, with an inference time of approximately 25 ms per frame on a consumer GPU. The results demonstrate that careful design of the training objective is critical for effective reconstruction-based anomaly detection and that pedestal-trained autoencoders provide a transparent and detector-agnostic baseline for online data reduction in optical TPCs.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2025

Ultra-high precision high voltage system for PTOLEMY

The PTOLEMY project is prototyping a novel electromagnetic filter for high-precision $\beta$ spectroscopy, with the ultimate and ambitious long-term goal of detecting the cosmic neutrino background through electron capture on tritium bound to graphene. Intermediate small-scale prototypes can achieve competitive sensitivity to the effective neutrino mass, even with reduced energy resolution. To reach an energy resolution better than \SI{500}{meV} at the tritium $\beta$-spectrum endpoint of \SI{18.6}{keV}, and accounting for all uncertainties in the filtering chain, the electrode voltage must be controlled at the level of a few parts per million and monitored in real time. In this work, we present the first results obtained in this effort, using a chain of commercial ultra-high-precision voltage references, read out by precision multimeters and a \emph{field mill} device. The currently available precision on high voltage is, in the conservative case, as low as \SI{0.2}{ppm} per \SI{1}{kV} single board and $\lesssim$ \SI{50}{mV} over the \SI{10}{kV} series, presently limited by field mill read-out noise. However, assuming uncorrelated Gaussian noise extrapolation, the real precision could in principle be as low as \SI{0.05}{ppm} over \SI{20}{kV}.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2025

Characterization of cutting-edge CMOS Active Pixel sensors within the CYGNO Experiment

Time Projection Chambers equipped with Gas Electron Multipliers and optical readout by scientific CMOS cameras are a promising technology for low-energy particle detection, as demonstrated by the CYGNO experiment. To help identify the optimal CYGNO detector configuration, we performed a detailed characterization of two state-of-the-art scientific CMOS sensors, focusing on dark-signal behavior across different exposure times and on detection sensitivity, assessed using the well-defined X-ray emissions from a 55Fe source, which reproduce the low-light conditions expected in CYGNO. CYGNO currently employs a very low-noise Hamamatsu sensor, the ORCA-Fusion, for testing and validation of its detection system. Hamamatsu has recently introduced two new sensors that may be of interest for future upgrades. The first is an improved version of the current model, the ORCA-Fusion-BT, featuring a back-illuminated design that reaches a quantum efficiency of up to 95% at 550 nm. The second is a next-generation sensor, the ORCA-Quest. Although its peak quantum efficiency is not as high as that of the Fusion-BT, it offers high sensitivity over a broader spectral range, extending into the ultraviolet region, and provides ultra-low readout noise of 0.27 electrons, about 2.6 times lower than that of the Fusion family. These two sensors therefore represent a significant opportunity to enhance the performance of scientific experiments, including those conducted by the CYGNO collaboration. This document presents a comprehensive characterization of these sensors to evaluate their relevance for experiments operating in photon-limited environments and their suitability for integration into the CYGNO detector system.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2025

The Use of O2 in Gas Mixtures for Drift Chambers

The use of Oxygen in gas mixtures for drift chambers is highly discouraged because Oxygen, being strongly electronegative, is generally believed to lead, even in very small quantities, to extremely reduced drift electron survival probability, thus preventing the detector's operation.The drift chamber of the MEG II experiment at PSI has been operating for several years with a gas mixture that mainly contains He:Isobutane in relative proportions of 90:10% by molar concentration, in addition to 1.5% Isopropanol and 0.5% Oxygen. Oxygen and Isopropanol are essential for the proper functioning of the chamber. The electron attachment in the mixture used has proven negligible for the proper operation of the chamber and agrees well with the Garfield++ simulation after correctly accounting for the three-body attachment simulation.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2025

Characterization of field cage and cathode for low radioactivity operation with the CYGNO experiment

Dark matter, which is considered to account for approximately the 27% of the Universe's energy-mass content, remains an open issue in modern particle physics along with its composition. The CYGNO Experiment aims to exploit an innovative approach applied to the direct detection search of low energy nuclear recoils possibly induced by cold particle-like dark matter candidates. CYGNO employs a directional detector based on a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) filled with a He:CF$_{4}$ gas mixture and equipped with an optical readout. Currently, the CYGNO Collaboration is constructing the detector demonstrator, CYGNO-04, in Hall F at Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS). This 0.4 m$^3$ detector has the goal of proving the scalability of the technology and assessing the physics and radiopurity capabilities. Given the low radioactivity requirements, especially in internal components such as field cage and cathode, the reduction of material while keeping the correct electrical behavior is paramount. In this paper, we present the validation of several internal components, mainly focusing on the field cage material and support structure. The tests included geometrical asymmetries in the electric field response, collection efficiency as well as measurement of known physical quantities. A preferred configuration is found with a structure based on Nylon material which supports a PET or Kapton sheet with copper strips deposited on.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2025

New limit on the \mu+->e+\gamma decay with the MEG II experiment

This letter reports the result of the search for the decay \mu+->e+\gamma undertaken at the Paul Scherrer Institut in Switzerland with the MEG II experiment using the data collected in the 2021- 2022 physics runs. The sensitivity of this search is 2.2x10-13, a factor of 2.4 better than that of the full MEG dataset and obtained in a data taking period of about one fourth that of MEG, thanks to the superior performances of the new detector. The result is consistent with the expected background, yielding an upper limit on the branching ratio of B(\mu+->e+\gamma)<1.5 x 10-13 (90 % C.L.). Additional improvements are expected with the data collected during the years 2023-2024. The data-taking will continue in the coming years.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2025

A Demonstration of Slowed Electron ${\bf E} \times {\bf B}$ Drift for PTOLEMY

To resolve the effective neutrino mass $m_\beta$ with an energy resolution of 50~meV, the PTOLEMY experiment has proposed a novel transverse electromagnetic filtering process. Substantially reducing the kinetic energy of tritium $\beta$-decay electrons by counteracting motion from ${\bf E}$ $\times$ ${\bf B}$ and $\nabla{\rm B}$ drift, the PTOLEMY filter requires an input of emitted electron kinematic information to generate a tailored, suitable electric field for each candidate. The collaboration proposes to extract these quantities by using antennae to observe the relativistic frequency shift of emitted cyclotron radiation as an electron transits by ${\bf E}$ $\times$ ${\bf B}$ drift through a uniform magnetic field region preceding the filter. Electrons must be contained within this region long enough such that an adequate integrated radiated power signal is received to accurately estimate these kinematics. This necessitates a controlled, slowed drift speed. This paper presents the experimental design to vary ${\bf E}$ $\times$ ${\bf B}$ drift speed of carbon-14 $\beta$-decay electrons using a custom electrode field cage situated between the pole faces of an electromagnet. Matching our results with high-fidelity simulation, we deduce a capacity to increase particle time of flight by a factor of 5 in the field cage's slow drift region. Limited only by the dimensions of our system, we assert drift speed can be arbitrarily slowed to meet the needs of PTOLEMY's future detector. Actualizing such a system is a crucial milestone in developing the detector, enabling future cyclotron radiation measurements, filter implementation, and source injection.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2025

A compact frozen-spin trap for the search for the electric dipole moment of the muon

The electric dipole moments~(EDM) of fundamental particles inherently violate parity~(P) and time-reversal~(T) symmetries. By virtue of the CPT theorem in quantum field theory, the latter also implies the violation of the combined charge-conjugation and parity~(CP) symmetry. We aim to measure the EDM of the muon using the frozen-spin technique within a compact storage trap. This method exploits the high effective electric field, \$E \approx 165\$ MV/m, experienced in the rest frame of the muon with a momentum of about 23 MeV/c when it passes through a solenoidal magnetic field of \$|\vec{B}|=2.5\$ T. In this paper, we outline the fundamental considerations for a muon EDM search and present a conceptual design for a demonstration experiment to be conducted at secondary muon beamlines of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland. In Phase~I, with an anticipated data acquisition period of 200 days, the expected sensitivity to a muon EDM is 4E-21 ecm. In a subsequent phase, Phase~II, we propose to improve the sensitivity to 6E-23 ecm using a dedicated instrument installed on a different beamline that produces muons of momentum 125 MeV/c}.

hep-ex↗

arXiv2024

Search for the X17 particle in $^{7}\mathrm{Li}(\mathrm{p},\mathrm{e}^+ \mathrm{e}^{-}) ^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ processes with the MEG II detector

The observation of a resonance structure in the opening angle of the electron-positron pairs in the $^{7}$Li(p,\ee) $^{8}$Be reaction was claimed and interpreted as the production and subsequent decay of a hypothetical particle (X17). Similar excesses, consistent with this particle, were later observed in processes involving $^{4}$He and $^{12}$C nuclei with the same experimental technique. The MEG II apparatus at PSI, designed to search for the $\mu^+ \rightarrow \mathrm{e}^+ \gamma$ decay, can be exploited to investigate the existence of this particle and study its nature. Protons from a Cockroft-Walton accelerator, with an energy up to 1.1 MeV, were delivered on a dedicated Li-based target. The $\gamma$ and the e$^{+}$e$^{-}$ pair emerging from the $^8\mathrm{Be}^*$ transitions were studied with calorimeters and a spectrometer, featuring a broader angular acceptance than previous experiments. We present in this paper the analysis of a four-week data-taking in 2023 with a beam energy of 1080 keV, resulting in the excitation of two different resonances with Q-value \SI{17.6}{\mega\electronvolt} and \SI{18.1}{\mega\electronvolt}. No significant signal was found, and limits at \SI{90}{\percent} C.L. on the branching ratios (relative to the $\gamma$ emission) of the two resonances to X17 were set, $R_{17.6} < 1.8 \times 10^{-6} $ and $R_{18.1} < 1.2 \times 10^{-5} $.

nucl-ex↗

arXiv2024

Interim report for the International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC)

The International Muon Collider Collaboration (IMCC) [1] was established in 2020 following the recommendations of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) and the implementation of the European Strategy for Particle Physics-Accelerator R&D Roadmap by the Laboratory Directors Group [2], hereinafter referred to as the the European LDG roadmap. The Muon Collider Study (MuC) covers the accelerator complex, detectors and physics for a future muon collider. In 2023, European Commission support was obtained for a design study of a muon collider (MuCol) [3]. This project started on 1st March 2023, with work-packages aligned with the overall muon collider studies. In preparation of and during the 2021-22 U.S. Snowmass process, the muon collider project parameters, technical studies and physics performance studies were performed and presented in great detail. Recently, the P5 panel [4] in the U.S. recommended a muon collider R&D, proposed to join the IMCC and envisages that the U.S. should prepare to host a muon collider, calling this their "muon shot". In the past, the U.S. Muon Accelerator Programme (MAP) [5] has been instrumental in studies of concepts and technologies for a muon collider.

physics.acc-ph↗