arXiv subjects

G. Röpke

Publications and source records attributed to G. Röpke.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Clustered Nature of Hot and Dense Nuclear Matter: A quantum statistical approach

The equilibrium abundances of the light clusters $^2$H, $^3$H, $^3$He, $^4$He in hot nuclear matter at densities near the saturation density are of essential interest for nuclear physics and astrophysical applications, but theoretical approaches give diverging answers. We compare the quantum statistical approach with the recently discussed phase-space excluded-volume approach. We analyze the main ingredients, the Mott momentum, and the momentum distribution functions of light clusters. We observe a sharp decrease in cluster abundances as the density approaches saturation density, that is also seen in a relativistic mean-field calculation. We outline possible improvements in determining the composition of hot, dense matter in thermodynamic equilibrium. Non-equilibrium effects must be taken into account to investigate cluster formation in heavy-ion collisions.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2025

Primordial black-hole formation and heavy r-process element synthesis from the cosmological QCD transition. Two aspects of an inhomogeneous early Universe

We review the role of primordial black holes (PBHs) for illuminating the dark ages of the cosmological evolution and as dark matter candidates. We elucidate the role of phase transitions for primordial black hole formation in the early Universe and focus our attention to the cosmological QCD phase transition within a recent microscopical model. We explore the impact of physics beyond the Standard Model on the cosmic equation of state and the probability distribution for the formation of primordial black holes which serve as dark matter (DM) candidates. We argue that besides primordial black holes also droplet-like quark-gluon plasma inhomogeneities may become gravitationally stabilized for a sufficiently long epoch to distill baryon number and form nuclear matter droplets which upon their evaporation may enrich the cosmos locally with heavy $r$-process elements already in the early Universe.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2024

An Evaluation Of The Possible Effect Of Tetra-neutron Production On Ternary Fission Yields

In this work, we study the effect of including a resonant state of four neutrons in the low-density warm nuclear equation of state, using a relativistic mean-field formalism, where in-medium effects are considered. For that purpose, the abundances of 62 different clusters immersed in a gas of protons and neutrons, are calculated with and without the presence of this resonant tetraneutron state. Ternary fission experiments are environments where not only these clusters can be formed, but also where such thermodynamic conditions of low densities and moderate temperatures can be achieved. The calculated yields of isotopes with and without the tetraneutron included are then compared with experimentally observed ternary fission yields. While the results indicate that the tetraneutron has little effect on yields of other clusters under the existing ternary fission conditions, a possibly observable effect on yields of clusters emitted from the neck region in mid-peripheral heavy ion collisions is clearly suggested.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2024

Cluster production and the chemical freeze-out in expanding hot dense matter

We discuss medium effects on light cluster production in the QCD phase diagram by relating Mott transition lines to those for chemical freeze-out. In heavy-ion collisions at highest energies provided by the LHC, light cluster abundances should follow the statistical model because of low baryon densities. Chemical freeze-out in this domain is correlated with the QCD crossover transition. At low energies, in the nuclear fragmentation region, where the freeze-out interferes with the liquid-gas phase transition, self-energy and Pauli blocking effects are important. We demonstrate that at intermediate energies the chemical freeze-out line correlates with the maximum mass fraction of nuclear bound states, in particular $α$ particles. In this domain, the HADES, FAIR and NICA experiments can give new insights.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2024

Alpha-like correlations in $^{20}$Ne, comparison of quartetting wave function and THSR approaches

$^{20}$Ne can be considered as a double-magic $^{16}$O core nucleus surrounded by four nucleons, the constituents of an $α$-like quartet. Similar to other nuclei ($^{212}$Po, $^{104}$Ti, etc.) with a quartet on top of a double-magic core nucleus, significant $α$-like correlations are expected. Correlations in the ground state of $^{20}$Ne are investigated using different approaches. The quartetting wave function approach (QWFA) predicts a large $α$-like cluster contribution near the surface of the nuclei. The Tohsaki-Horiuchi-Schuck-Röpke (THSR) approach describes $α$-like clustering in nuclear systems. The results of the QWFA in the Thomas-Fermi and shell-model approximation are compared with THSR calculations for the container model. Results for the $α$ formation probability and the rms radii are shown.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2024

Electrical Conductivity of Hydrogen Plasmas: Low-density Benchmarks and Virial Expansion Including $e-e$ Collisions

An improved virial expansion for the low-density limit of the electrical conductivity $σ(T,n)$ of hydrogen as the simplest ionic plasma is presented. Quantum statistical methods provide exact values for the lowest virial coefficients, which serve as a benchmark for analytical approaches to electrical conductivity as well as for numerical results from density functional theory based molecular dynamics simulations (DFT-MD) or path-integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) simulations. The correction factor introduced by Reinholz {\it et al.}, Phys. Rev. E {\bf 91}, 043105 (2015) is applied to describe the inclusion of electron-electron collisions in DFT based calculations of transport coefficients. As a benchmark, the first virial coefficient is correctly described with this approach. The value of the second virial coefficient is discussed, questions about its value according to DFT-MD simulations are addressed.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2023

Thermodynamics of quark matter with multiquark clusters in an effective Beth-Uhlenbeck type approach

We describe multiquark clusters in quark matter within a Beth-Uhlenbeck approach in a background gluon field coupled to the underlying chiral quark dynamics using the Polyakov gauge which establishes the center symmetry of color SU(3) that suppresses colored states as an aspect of confinement. Quark confinement is modeled by a large quark mass in vacuum motivated by a confining density functional approach. A multiquark cluster containing $n$ quarks and antiquarks is described as a binary composite of smaller subclusters $n_1$ and $n_2$ ($n_1+n_2=n$). It has a spectrum consisting of a bound state and a scattering state continuum. For the corresponding cluster-cluster phase shifts we discuss simple ansätze that capture the Mott dissociation of clusters as a function of temperature and chemical potential. We go beyond the simple "step-up-step-down" model that ignores continuum correlations and introduce an improved model that includes them in a generic form. In order to explain the model, we restrict ourselves here to the cases where the cluster size is $1 \le n \le 6$. A striking result is the suppression of the abundance of colored multiquark clusters at low temperatures by the coupling to the Polyakov loop and their importance for a quantitative description of lattice QCD thermodynamics at non-vanishing baryochemical potentials. An important ingredient are Polyakov-loop generalized distribution functions of $n$-quark clusters which are derived here for the first time. Within our approach we calculate thermodynamic properties such as baryon density and entropy. We demonstrate that the limits of a hadron resonance gas at low temperatures and $\mathcal{O}(g^2)$ perturbative QCD at high temperatures are correctly reproduced. A comparison with lattice calculations shows that our model is able to give a unified, systematic approach to describe properties of the quark-gluon-hadron system.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2023

Thermodynamic and transport properties of plasmas: low-density benchmarks

Physical properties of plasmas such as equations of state and transport coefficients are expressed in terms of correlation functions, which can be calculated using various approaches (analytical theory, numerical simulations). The method of Green's functions provides benchmark values for these properties in the low-density limit. For the equation of state and electrical conductivity, expansions with respect to density (virial expansions) are considered. Comparison of analytical results with numerical simulations is used to verify theory, to prove the accuracy of simulations, and to establish interpolation formulas.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2022

Employing ternary fission of $^{242}$Pu as a probe of very neutron rich matter

Detailed assessments of the ability of recent theoretical approaches to modeling existing experimental data for ternary fission confirm earlier indications that the dominant mode of cluster formation in ternary fission is clusterization in very neutron rich, very low density, essentially chemically equilibrated, nucleonic matter. An extended study and comparison of these approaches applied to ternary fission yields in the thermal neutron induced reaction $^{241}$Pu($n_{\rm th}$,f) has been undertaken to refine the characterization of the source matter. The resonance gas approximation has been improved taking in-medium effects on the binding energies into account. A temperature of 1.29 MeV, density of $6.7 \times 10^{-5}$ nucleons/fm$^3$ and proton fraction $Y_p$ = 0.035 are found to provide a good representation of yields of the ternary emitted light particles and clusters. In particular, results for $Z= 1$ and 2 isotopes are presented. Isotopes with larger $Z$ are discussed, and the roles of medium and continuum effects, even at very low density are illustrated.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2020

A Nonequilibrium Information Entropy Approach to Ternary Fission of Actinides

Ternary fission of actinides probes the state of the nucleus at scission. Light clusters are produced in space and time very close to the scission point. Within the nonequilibrium statistical operator method, a generalized Gibbs distribution is constructed from the information given by the observed yields of isotopes. Using this relevant statistical operator, yields are calculated taking excited states and continuum correlations into account, in accordance with the virial expansion of the equation of state. Clusters with mass number $A \le 10$ are well described using the nonequilibrium generalizations of temperature and chemical potentials. Improving the virial expansion, in-medium effects may become of importance in determining the contribution of weakly bound states and continuum correlations to the intrinsic partition function. Yields of larger clusters, which fail to reach this quasi-equilibrium form of the relevant distribution, are described by nucleation kinetics, and a saddle-to-scission relaxation time of about 7000 fm/c is inferred. Light charged particle emission, described by reaction kinetics and virial expansions, may therefore be regarded as a very important tool to probe the nonequilibrium time evolution of actinide nuclei during fission.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2020

Light element ($Z=1,2$) production from spontaneous ternary fission of $^{252}$Cf

The yields of light elements ($Z=1,2$) obtained from spontaneous ternary fission of $^{252}$Cf are treated within a nonequilibrium approach, and the contribution of unstable nuclei and excited bound states is taken into account. These light cluster yields may be used to probe dense matter, and to infer in-medium corrections. Continuum correlations are calculated from scattering phase shifts using the Beth-Uhlenbeck formula, and the effect of medium modification is estimated. The relevant distribution is reconstructed from the measured yields of isotopes. This describes the state of the nucleon system at scission and cluster formation, using only three Lagrange parameters which are the nonequilibrium counterparts of the temperature and chemical potentials, as defined in thermodynamic equilibrium. We concluded that a simple nuclear statistical equilibrium model neglecting continuum correlations and medium effects is not able to describe the measured distribution of H and He isotopes. Moreover, the freeze-out concept may serve as an important ingredient to the nonequilibrium approach using the relevant statistical operator concept.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2020

QCD Phase Diagram at NICA energies: $K^+/π^+$ horn effect and light clusters in THESEUS

We discuss recent progress in the development of the three-fluid hydrodynamics-based program THESEUS towards an event generator suitable for applications to heavy-ion collisions at the intermediate energies of the planned NICA and FAIR experiments. We follow the strategy that modifications of particle distributions at the freeze-out surface in the QCD phase diagram may be mapped directly to the observable ones within a sudden freeze-out scheme. We report first results of these investigations for the production of light clusters (deuterons and tritons) which can be compared to experimental data from the HADES and the NA49 experiment and for the interpretation of the "horn" effect observed in the collision energy dependence of the $K^+/π^+$ ratio. Medium effects on light cluster production in the QCD phase diagram are negligible at the highest NICA energies but shall play a dominant role at the lowest energies. A sharp "horn"-type signal in the $K^+/π^+$ ratio can be obtained when the onset of Bose condensation modelled by a pion chemical potential results in an enhancement of pions at low momenta (which is seen at LHC energies) and would occur already in the NICA energy range.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2020

Strangeness and light fragment production at high baryon density

We discuss medium effects on light cluster production in the QCD phase diagram within a generalized Beth-Uhlenbeck (GBU) approach by relating Mott transition lines to those for chemical freeze-out. We find that in heavy-ion collisions at highest energies provided by the LHC light cluster abundances should follow the statistical model because of low baryon densities. At low energies in the nuclear fragmentation region, where the freeze-out interferes with the liquid-gas phase transition, selfenergy and Pauli blocking effects are important. At intermediate energies the HADES, FAIR and NICA experiments can give new information. The GBU approach provides new insights to strange hadron production in this energy domain for explaining the "horn" effects.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2019

Non-Equilibrium Statistical Operator

Nonequilibrium statistical physics is concerned with a fundamental problem in physics, the phenomenon of irreversibility, which is not rigorously solved yet. Different approaches to the statistical mechanics of nonequilibrium processes are based on empirical assumptions but a rigorous, first principle theory is missing. An important contribution to describe irreversible behavior starting from reversible Hamiltonian dynamics was given by Zubarev who invented the method of the nonequilibrium statistical operator (NSO). We discuss this approach, in particular the extended von Neumann equation and the entropy concept. The method of NSO proved to be a general and universal approach to different nonequilibrium phenomena. Typical applications are the quantum master equation, kinetic theory, and linear response theory which are outlined and illustrated solving standard examples for reaction and transport processes. Some open questions are emphasized.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗

arXiv2018

Quartetting Wave Function Approach to $^{20}$Ne: Shell Model and Local Density Approximation

We investigate $α$-like correlations in $^{20}$Ne. A quartet of nucleons (different spin/isospin) is moving in a mean field produced by the $^{16}$O core nucleus. Improving the Thomas-Fermi model (local density approach), a shell model is considered for the core nucleus. The effective potential of the $α$-like quartet and the wave function for the center-of-mass (c.o.m.) motion are calculated and compared with other approaches.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2017

Light cluster production at NICA

In a recent publication the importance of measuaring light clusters at future NICA and FAIR experiments as "rare probes" for in-medium characteristics was presented. Within theoretical conciderations is shown how clusters would be affected by medium affects as given collider energies.

nucl-th↗

arXiv2017

Relaxation and Collective Excitations of Cluster Nano-Plasmas

Nano-plasmas produced, e.g. in clusters after short-pulse laser irradiation, can show collective excitations as derived from the time evolution of fluctuations in thermodynamic equilibrium. Molecular dynamical simulations are performed for various cluster sizes. New data are obtained for the minimum value of the stationary cluster charge. The bi-local auto-correlation function gives the spatial structure of the eigenmodes, for which energy eigenvalues are obtained. Varying the cluster size, starting from a few-particles cluster, the emergence of macroscopic properties like collective excitations is shown.

physics.plasm-ph↗

arXiv2017

Alpha-like clustering in $^{20}$Ne from a quartetting wave function approach

Quartetting ($α$-like clustering) occurs in low density matter ($\le 0.03$ fm$^{-3}$) which exists, e.g., at the surface of nuclei. It is of interest for the $α$ preformation to calculate the $α$ decay of heavy nuclei such as $^{212}$Po, but also in light nuclei (e.g., $^{20}$Ne) which shows strong signatures of quartetting. We analyze the intrinsic structure of the $α$-like cluster and the center of mass motion of the quartet, in particular the role of Pauli blocking. The Thomas-Fermi model for the (daughter) core nucleus is improved introducing quasiparticle nucleon states. Calculations performed for harmonic oscillator basis states show that the effective potential for the quartet center of mass motion remains nearly constant within the core nucleus. The relation to the THSR (Tohsaki-Horiuchi-Schuck-Röpke) approach is discussed.

nucl-th↗