arXiv subjects

G. Suárez

Publications and source records attributed to G. Suárez.

5 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

The Zero-Age Massive Stellar Population of W49A from VLA Observations

We use all-configuration VLA data at 3.3 cm with a physical resolution of ~2000 AU to infer the embedded zero-age massive stellar population of the W49A protocluster, as traced by its compact, ultracompact (UC), and hypercompact (HC) H II regions. Our method consists of visual source identification, the derivation of stellar ionizing-photon rates from the observed emission measure, and the further derivation of stellar masses and luminosities using state-of-the-art stellar calibrations. Considering the 101 robust detections, maximum-likelihood estimation fitting of the high-mass end (M > 10.9 M_\odot) of the sample yields power-law slopes Gamma >= 2.40 for the logarithmic representation of the stellar initial mass function (IMF): dN/d(log M) proportional to M^{-Gamma}. The result is robust considering different assumptions for the ionizing stellar systems. The slopes remain at Gamma >= 1.88 after correction for optical depth effects at 3.3 cm. Therefore, the inferred distribution of stellar masses presents a clear deficit in the high-mass end as compared to the standard stellar IMF (Gamma = 1.35). We propose that this is due to a shorter lifetime of the radio-detected H II regions produced by higher-mass stars, but evolutionary effects in the mass distribution of star formation within embedded protoclusters cannot be discarded.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

Clouds with a silicate lining: Using JWST spectra to probe atmospheric diversity in young AB Dor L dwarfs

We present the first full JWST NIRSpec Prism and MIRI LRS 0.6 - 14 $μ$m (R ~ 100) spectra and analysis of five ~ 133 Myr L dwarf members of the AB Doradus moving group and one probable $\sim 500$ Myr T dwarf of the Oceanus moving group with known inclination angles between ~ $23 - 90^{\circ}$: W0047+68, 2M0355+11, 2M0642+41, W1741-46, 2M2206-42, and 2M2244+20. We construct near-complete spectral energy distributions of each of our objects to measure their bolometric luminosities, and estimate their fundamental parameters ($T_{\text{eff}}$, radius, $M$ and $\log g$). We use cross-sections of relevant gases to identify the species that are present in each atmosphere. Of particular interest is the silicate absorption feature at 8 - 11 $μ$m, which provides insight into the complex cloud structure of brown dwarfs. We examine this silicate absorption feature in detail and also test whether there exists a latitudinal dependence in the silicate absorption feature within a coeval sample of brown dwarfs. Various molecular absorption bands are visible in our spectra, including H$_2$O, CH$_4$, CO and CO$_2$. The shape of the silicate absorption feature varies within our sample, and we find that 4/5 of our L type objects agree with previously observed trends stating that objects viewed equator-on have deeper silicate absorption. We highlight W1741-46 as an outlier in our sample with an unusually strong silicate absorption given its near pole-on orientation. We also present a tentative correlation between the wavelength of peak silicate absorption and inclination, which may suggest variations in cloud chemical composition or physical properties. We find an unexpected spectral diversity within our sample, which motivates future studies on these objects through atmospheric retrievals, which will determine the silicate cloud composition and reveal whether there exists a trend with inclination.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2026

Substellar population of the young massive cluster RCW 36 in Vela

The initial mass function (IMF) is a cornerstone of star formation studies, yet its universality remains debated. We investigate the IMF in the young massive cluster RCW 36, located in the Vela Molecular Ridge and comparable to the Orion Nebula Cluster in stellar density. Our goal is to build the most complete census of RCW 36 and derive its first IMF and star-to-brown-dwarf (BD) ratio. We combine new GLAO observations from HAWK-I/VLT with archival data (2MASS, SOFI/NTT) and Gaia DR3 kinematics. Photometric accuracy and source extraction were improved using \textsc{DeNeb}, a deep-learning algorithm that removes complex nebular emission. Membership probabilities were assigned via color-magnitude diagram comparisons with a control field, and stellar masses were estimated using model isochrones. We find a revised distance of $954\pm40\,$pc and determine the IMF down to $\sim0.03\,M_{\odot}$, described by a broken power law ($dN/dM\propto M^{-α}$) with $α=1.62\pm0.03$ for $0.20$-$20\,M_{\odot}$ and $α=0.46\pm0.14$ for $0.03$-$0.20\,M_{\odot}$. The star-BD ratio is $2$-$5$, consistent with other Galactic clusters. Lastly, through a study of the differences in the IMF within and outside $0.2\,$pc and the cumulative mass distributions for low-mass and intermediate to high-mass sources, we also detected signs of possible mass segregation within RCW 36, which should be primordial. RCW 36 shares many characteristics with other young massive clusters, such as a shallower than Salpeter high-mass slope and the possibility of mass segregation. The flatter lower-mass regime of the IMF is similar to most Galactic clusters. The star-BD ratio is also in line with the observed values in other clusters, independent of their inherent properties.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2024

Core to ultracompact HII region evolution in the W49A massive protocluster

We aim to identify and characterize cores in the high-mass proto-cluster W49, determine their evolutionary stages and measure the associated lifetimes. We built a catalog of 129 cores extracted from an ALMA 1.3 mm continuum image at 0.26" (2900 au) angular resolution. The association between cores and Hyper/Ultra Compact HII (H/UC HII) regions was established from the analysis of VLA 3.3 cm continuum and H30$α$ line observations. We also looked for emission of hot molecular cores (HMCs) using the methyl formate doublet at 218.29 GHz. We identified 40 cores associated with an H/UC HII region and 19 HMCs over the ALMA mosaic. The 52 cores with an H/UC HII region and/or a HMC are assumed to be high-mass protostellar cores, while the rest of the core population likely consists in prestellar cores and low-mass protostellar cores. We found a good agreement between the two tracers of ionized gas, with 23 common detections and only four cores detected at 3.3 cm and not in H30$α$. The spectral indexes from 3.3 cm to 1.3 mm range from 1, for the youngest cores with partially optically thick free-free emission, to about -0.1, that is optically thin free-free emission obtained for cores likely more evolved. Using as a reference the H/UC HII regions, we found the statistical lifetimes of the HMC and massive protostellar phases in W49N to be about $6\times10^4$ yr and $1.4\times10^5$ yr, respectively. We also showed that HMC can co-exist with H/UC HII regions during a short fraction of the core lifetime, about $2\times10^4$ yr. This indicates a rapid dispersal of the inner molecule envelope once the HC HII is formed.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2015

Mean field approach for diffusion of interacting particles

A nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation is obtained in the continuous limit of a one-dimensional lattice with an energy landscape of wells and barriers. Interaction is possible among particles in the same energy well. A parameter $γ$, related to the barrier's heights, is introduced. Its value is determinant for the functional dependence of the mobility and diffusion coefficient on particle concentration, but has no influence on the equilibrium solution. A relation between the mean field potential and the microscopic interaction energy is derived. The results are illustrated with classical particles with interactions that reproduce fermion and boson statistics.

cond-mat.stat-mech↗