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G. Umana

Publications and source records attributed to G. Umana.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

The Luminous Blue Variable RMC127 as seen with ALMA and ATCA

We present ALMA and ATCA observations of the luminous blue variable \rmc. The radio maps show for the first time the core of the nebula and evidence that the nebula is strongly asymmetric with a Z-pattern shape. Hints of this morphology are also visible in the archival \emph{HST} $\rm Hα$ image, which overall resembles the radio emission. The emission mechanism in the outer nebula is optically thin free-free in the radio. At high frequencies, a component of point-source emission appears at the position of the star, up to the ALMA frequencies. The rising flux density distribution ($S_ν\sim ν^{0.78\pm0.05}$) of this object suggests thermal emission from the ionized stellar wind and indicates a departure from spherical symmetry with $n_{e}(r)\propto r^{-2}$. We examine different scenarios to explain this excess of thermal emission from the wind and show that this can arise from a bipolar outflow, supporting the suggestion by other authors that the stellar wind of \rmc is aspherical. We fit the data with two collimated ionized wind models and we find that the mass-loss rate can be a factor of two or more smaller than in the spherical case. We also fit the photometry obtained by IR space telescopes and deduce that the mid- to far-IR emission must arise from extended, cool ($\sim80\,\rm K$) dust within the outer ionized nebula. Finally we discuss two possible scenarios for the nebular morphology: the canonical single star expanding shell geometry, and a precessing jet model assuming presence of a companion star.

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Probing the magnetosphere of the M8.5 dwarf TVLM513-46546 by modelling its auroral radio emission. Hint of star exoplanet interaction?

In this paper we simulate the cyclic circularly-polarised pulses of the ultra-cool dwarf TVLM513-46546, observed with the VLA at 4.88 and 8.44 GHz on May 2006, by using a 3D model of the auroral radio emission from the stellar magnetosphere. During this epoch, the radio light curves are characterised by two pulses left-hand polarised at 4.88 GHz, and one doubly-peaked (of opposite polarisations) pulse at 8.44 GHz. To take into account the possible deviation from the dipolar symmetry of the stellar magnetic field topology, the model described in this paper is also able to simulate the auroral radio emission from a magnetosphere shaped like an offset-dipole. To reproduce the timing and pattern of the observed pulses, we explored the space of parameters controlling the auroral beaming pattern and the geometry of the magnetosphere. Through the analysis of the TVLM513-46546 auroral radio emission, we derive some indications on the magnetospheric field topology that is able to simultaneously reproduce the timing and patterns of the auroral pulses measured at 4.88 and 8.44 GHz. Each set of model solutions simulates two auroral pulses (singly or doubly peaked) per period. To explain the presence of only one 8.44 GHz pulse per period, we analyse the case of auroral radio emission limited only to a magnetospheric sector activated by an external body, like the case of the interaction of Jupiter with its moons.

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Radio variability and non-thermal components in stars evolving toward planetary nebulae

We present new JVLA multi-frequency measurements of a set of stars in transition from the post-AGB to the Planetary Nebula phase monitored in the radio range over several years. Clear variability is found for five sources. Their light curves show increasing and decreasing patterns. New radio observations at high angular resolution are also presented for two sources. Among these is IRAS 18062+2410, whose radio structure is compared to near-infrared images available in the literature. With these new maps, we can estimate inner and outer radii of 0.03$"$ and 0.08$"$ for the ionised shell, an ionised mass of $3.2\times10^{-4}$ M$_\odot$, and a density at the inner radius of $7.7\times 10^{-5}$ cm$^{-3}$, obtained by modelling the radio shell with the new morphological constraints. The combination of multi-frequency data and, where available, spectral-index maps leads to the detection of spectral indices not due to thermal emission, contrary to what one would expect in planetary nebulae. Our results allow us to hypothesise the existence of a link between radio variability and non-thermal emission mechanisms in the nebulae. This link seems to hold for IRAS 22568+6141 and may generally hold for those nebulae where the radio flux decreases over time.

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The detection of variable radio emission from the fast rotating magnetic hot B-star HR7355 and evidence for its X-ray aurorae

In this paper we investigate the multiwavelengths properties of the magnetic early B-type star HR7355. We present its radio light curves at several frequencies, taken with the Jansky Very Large Array, and X-ray spectra, taken with the XMM X-ray telescope. Modeling of the radio light curves for the Stokes I and V provides a quantitative analysis of the HR7355 magnetosphere. A comparison between HR7355 and a similar analysis for the Ap star CUVir, allows us to study how the different physical parameters of the two stars affect the structure of the respective magnetospheres where the non-thermal electrons originate. Our model includes a cold thermal plasma component that accumulates at high magnetic latitudes that influences the radio regime, but does not give rise to X-ray emission. Instead, the thermal X-ray emission arises from shocks generated by wind stream collisions close to the magnetic equatorial plane. The analysis of the X-ray spectrum of HR7355 also suggests the presence of a non-thermal radiation. Comparison between the spectral index of the power-law X-ray energy distribution with the non-thermal electron energy distribution indicates that the non-thermal X-ray component could be the auroral signature of the non-thermal electrons that impact the stellar surface, the same non-thermal electrons that are responsible for the observed radio emission. On the basis of our analysis, we suggest a novel model that simultaneously explains the X-ray and the radio features of HR7355 and is likely relevant for magnetospheres of other magnetic early type stars.

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New ATCA, ALMA and VISIR observations of the candidate LBV SK-67266 (S61): the nebular mass from modelling 3D density distributions

We present new observations of the nebula around the Magellanic candidate Luminous Blue Variable S61. These comprise high-resolution data acquired with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), the Atacama Large Millimetre/Submillimetre Array (ALMA), and VISIR at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). The nebula was detected only in the radio, up to 17 GHz. The 17 GHz ATCA map, with 0.8 arcsec resolution, allowed a morphological comparison with the H$α$ Hubble Space Telescope image. The radio nebula resembles a spherical shell, as in the optical. The spectral index map indicates that the radio emission is due to free-free transitions in the ionised, optically thin gas, but there are hints of inhomogeneities. We present our new public code RHOCUBE to model 3D density distributions, and determine via Bayesian inference the nebula's geometric parameters. We applied the code to model the electron density distribution in the S61 nebula. We found that different distributions fit the data, but all of them converge to the same ionised mass, ~0.1 $\rm M\odot$, which is an order of magnitude smaller than previous estimates. We show how the nebula models can be used to derive the mass-loss history with high-temporal resolution. The nebula was probably formed through stellar winds, rather than eruptions. From the ALMA and VISIR non-detections, plus the derived extinction map, we deduce that the infrared emission observed by space telescopes must arise from extended, diffuse dust within the ionised region.

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Exploring the multifaceted circumstellar environment of the Luminous Blue Variable HR Carinae

We present a multi-wavelength study of the Galactic Luminous Blue Variable HR Carinae, based on new high resolution mid-infrared (IR) and radio images obtained with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), which have been complemented by far-infrared Herschel-PACS observations and ATCA archive data. The Herschel images reveal the large-scale distribution of the dusty emitting nebula, which extends mainly to the North-East direction, up to 70 arcsec from the central star, and is oriented along the direction of the space motion of the star. In the mid-infrared images, the brightness distribution is characterized by two arc-shaped structures, tracing an inner envelope surrounding the central star more closely. At radio wavelengths, the ionized gas emission lies on the opposite side of the cold dust with respect to the position of the star, as if the ionized front was confined by the surrounding medium in the North-South direction. The comparison with previous data indicates significant changes in the radio nebula morphology and in the mass-loss rate from the central star, which has increased from 6.1$\times10^{-6}$ M$_{\odot}$yr$^{-1}$ in 1994-1995 to $1.17\times10^{-5}$ M$_{\odot}$yr$^{-1}$ in 2014. We investigate possible scenarios that could have generated the complex circumstellar environment revealed by our multi-wavelength data.

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Automated detection of extended sources in radio maps: progress from the SCORPIO survey

Automated source extraction and parameterization represents a crucial challenge for the next-generation radio interferometer surveys, such as those performed with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and its precursors. In this paper we present a new algorithm, dubbed CAESAR (Compact And Extended Source Automated Recognition), to detect and parametrize extended sources in radio interferometric maps. It is based on a pre-filtering stage, allowing image denoising, compact source suppression and enhancement of diffuse emission, followed by an adaptive superpixel clustering stage for final source segmentation. A parameterization stage provides source flux information and a wide range of morphology estimators for post-processing analysis. We developed CAESAR in a modular software library, including also different methods for local background estimation and image filtering, along with alternative algorithms for both compact and diffuse source extraction. The method was applied to real radio continuum data collected at the Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) within the SCORPIO project, a pathfinder of the ASKAP-EMU survey. The source reconstruction capabilities were studied over different test fields in the presence of compact sources, imaging artefacts and diffuse emission from the Galactic plane and compared with existing algorithms. When compared to a human-driven analysis, the designed algorithm was found capable of detecting known target sources and regions of diffuse emission, outperforming alternative approaches over the considered fields.

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Hi-GAL, the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey: photometric maps and compact source catalogues. First data release for Inner Milky Way: +68°> l > -70°

(Abridged) We present the first public release of high-quality data products (DR1) from Hi-GAL, the {\em Herschel} infrared Galactic Plane Survey. Hi-GAL is the keystone of a suite of continuum Galactic Plane surveys from the near-IR to the radio, and covers five wavebands at 70, 160, 250, 350 and 500 micron, encompassing the peak of the spectral energy distribution of cold dust for 8 < T < 50K. This first Hi-GAL data release covers the inner Milky Way in the longitude range 68° > l > -70° in a |b|<1° latitude strip. Photometric maps have been produced with the ROMAGAL pipeline, that optimally capitalizes on the excellent sensitivity and stability of the bolometer arrays of the {\em Herschel} PACS and SPIRE photometric cameras, to deliver images of exquisite quality and dynamical range, absolutely calibrated with {\em Planck} and {\em IRAS}, and recovering extended emission at all wavelengths and all spatial scales. The compact source catalogues have been generated with the CuTEx algorithm, specifically developed to optimize source detection and extraction in the extreme conditions of intense and spatially varying background that are found in the Galactic Plane in the thermal infrared. Hi-GAL DR1 images will be accessible via a dedicated web-based image cutout service. The DR1 Compact Source Catalogues are delivered as single-band photometric lists containing, in addition to source position, peak and integrated flux and source sizes, a variety of parameters useful to assess the quality and reliability of the extracted sources, caveats and hints to help this assessment are provided. Flux completeness limits in all bands are determined from extensive synthetic source experiments and depend on the specific line of sight along the Galactic Plane. Hi-GAL DR1 catalogues contain 123210, 308509, 280685, 160972 and 85460 compact sources in the five bands, respectively.

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3D-modelling of the stellar auroral radio emission

The electron cyclotron maser is the coherent emission process that gives rise to the radio lighthouse effect observed in the hot magnetic chemically peculiar star CU Virginis. It has also been proposed to explain the highly circularly polarized radio pulses observed on some ultra cool dwarfs, with spectral type earlier than M7. Such kind of coherent events resemble the auroral radio emission from the magnetized planets of the solar system. In this paper, we present a tridimensional model able to simulate the timing and profile of the pulses emitted by those stars characterized by a dipolar magnetic field by following the hypothesis of the laminar source model, used to explain the beaming of the terrestrial auroral kilometric radiation. This model proves to be a powerful tool to understand the auroral radio-emission phenomenon, allowing us to derive some general conclusions about the effects of the model's free parameters on the features of the coherent pulses, and to learn more about the detectability of such kind of pulsed radio emission.

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Searching for OH maser emission towards the MIPSGAL compact Galactic bubbles

We conducted radio observations searching for OH 18-cm maser emission from a sample of 169 unclassified MIPSGAL compact Galactic bubbles. These sources are thought to be the circumstellar envelopes of different kinds of evolved stars. Our observations were aimed at shedding light on the nature of MIPSGAL bubbles, since their characterisation is a fundamental aid for the development of accurate physical models of stellar and Galaxy evolution. The maser emission is observatively linked to the last stages of the life of low- and intermediate-mass stars, which may constitute a significant fraction of the MIPSGAL bubbles. In particular OH masers are usually observed towards post-AGB stars. Our observations were performed with the Green Bank Telescope and, for each source, produced spectra around the four OH 18-cm transitions. The observations were compared with archive interferometer data in order to exclude possible contamination from nearby sources. The main result is that the OH maser emission is not a common feature among the MIPSGAL bubbles, with only one certain detection. We conclude that among the MIPSGAL bubbles the post-AGB stars could be very rare.

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SCORPIO: A deep survey of Radio Emission from the stellar life-cycle

Radio emission has been detected in a broad variety of stellar objects from all stages of stellar evolution. However, most of our knowledge originates from targeted observations of small samples, which are strongly biased to sources which are peculiar at other wavelengths. In order to tackle this problem we have conducted a deep 1.4 GHz survey by using the Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), following the same observing setup as that used for the Australia Telescope Large Area Survey (ATLAS) project, this time choosing a region more appropriate for stellar work. In this paper, the SCORPIO project is presented as well as results from the pilot experiment. The achieved rms is about 30 /uJy and the angular resolution ~10 arcsec. About six hundred of point-like sources have been extracted just from the pilot field. A very small percentage of them are classified in SIMBAD or the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED). About 80 % of the extracted sources are reported in one of the inspected catalogues and 50 % of them appears to belong to a reddened stellar/galactic population. The evaluation of extragalactic contaminants is very difficult without further investigations. Interesting results have been obtained for extended radio sources that fall in the SCORPIO field. Many bubble-like structures have been found, some of which are classified at other wavelengths. However, for all of these sources, our project has provided us with images of unprecedented sensitivity and angular resolution at 2.1 GHz.

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The candidate luminous blue variable G79.29+0.46: a comprehensive study of its ejecta through a multiwavelength analysis

We present a multiwavelength analysis of the nebula around the candidate luminous blue variable G79.29+0.46. The study is based on our radio observations performed at the Expanded Very Large Array and at the Green Bank Telescope and on archival infrared datasets, including recent images obtained by the Herschel Space Observatory. We confirm that the radio central object is characterized by a stellar wind and derive a current mass-loss rate of about 1.4x10-6 Msun yr-1. We find the presence of a dusty compact envelope close to the star, with a temperature between 40 and 1200 K. We estimate for the outer ejecta an ionised gas mass of 1.51 Msun and a warm (60--85 K) dust mass of 0.02 Msun. Diagnostics of the far-infrared spectra indicate the presence of a photo-dissociation region around the ionised gas. Finally, we model the nebula with the photo-ionization code CLOUDY, using as input parameters those estimated from our analysis. We find for the central star a luminosity of 10^5.4 Lsun and an effective temperature of 20.4 kK.

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Spitzer observations of a circumstellar nebula around the candidate Luminous Blue Variable MWC 930

MWC 930 is a star just ~2° above the Galactic plane whose nature is not clear and that has not been studied in detail so far. While a post-Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) classification was proposed in the past, studies of its optical spectrum and photometry pointed toward strong variability, therefore the object was reclassified as a Luminous Blue Variable (LBV) candidate. LBVs typically undergo phases of strong mass loss in the form of eruptions that can create shells of ejecta around the star. Our goal is to search for the presence of such a circumstellar nebula in MWC 930 and investigate its properties. To do so, we make use of space-based infrared data from our Spitzer campaign performed with the InfraRed Array Camera (IRAC) and the InfraRed Spectrograph (IRS) as well as data from optical and infrared (IR) surveys. In our Spitzer images, we clearly detect an extended shell around MWC 930 at wavelengths longer than 5 um. The mid-infrared spectrum is dominated by the central star and mostly shows forbidden lines of [FeII], with an underlying continuum that decreases with wavelength up to ~15 um and then inverts its slope, displaying a second peak around 60 um, evidence for cold dust grains formed in a past eruption. By modeling the SED, we identify two central components, besides the star and the outer shell. These extra sources of radiation are interpreted as material close to the central star, maybe due to a recent ejection. Features of C-bearing molecules or grains are not detected.

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The Co-ordinated Radio and Infrared Survey for High-Mass Star Formation - II. Source Catalogue

The CORNISH project is the highest resolution radio continuum survey of the Galactic plane to date. It is the 5 GHz radio continuum part of a series of multi-wavelength surveys that focus on the northern GLIMPSE region (10 deg < l < 65 deg), observed by the Spitzer satellite in the mid-infrared. Observations with the Very Large Array in B and BnA configurations have yielded a 1.5" resolution Stokes I map with a root-mean-squared noise level better than 0.4 mJy/beam. Here we describe the data-processing methods and data characteristics, and present a new, uniform catalogue of compact radio-emission. This includes an implementation of automatic deconvolution that provides much more reliable imaging than standard CLEANing. A rigorous investigation of the noise characteristics and reliability of source detection has been carried out. We show that the survey is optimised to detect emission on size scales up to 14" and for unresolved sources the catalogue is more than 90 percent complete at a flux density of 3.9 mJy. We have detected 3,062 sources above a 7-sigma detection limit and present their ensemble properties. The catalogue is highly reliable away from regions containing poorly-sampled extended emission, which comprise less than two percent of the survey area. Imaging problems have been mitigated by down-weighting the shortest spacings and potential artefacts flagged via a rigorous manual inspection with reference to the Spitzer infrared data. We present images of the most common source types found: regions, planetary nebulae and radio-galaxies. The CORNISH data and catalogue are available online at http://cornish.leeds.ac.uk

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Spitzer and Herschel multiwavelength characterization of the dust content of evolved HII regions

We have analyzed a uniform sample of 16 evolved HII regions located in a 2 deg X 2 deg Galactic field centered at (l,b) = (30 deg, 0 deg) and observed as part of the Herschel Hi-GAL survey. The evolutionary stage of these HII regions was established using ancillary radio continuum data. By combining Hi-GAL PACS (70 micron, 160 micron) and SPIRE (250 micron, 350 micron and 500 micron) measurements with MIPSGAL 24 micron data, we built Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) of the sources and showed that a 2-component grey-body model is a good representation of the data. In particular, wavelengths > 70 micron appear to trace a cold dust component, for which we estimated an equilibrium temperature of the Big Grains (BGs) in the range 20 - 30 K, while for lambda < 70 micron, the data indicated the presence of a warm dust component at temperatures of the order of 50 - 90 K. This analysis also revealed that dust is present in the interior of HII regions, although likely not in a large amount. In addition, the data appear to corroborate the hypothesis that the main mechanism responsible for the (partial) depletion of dust in HII regions is radiation-pressure-driven drift. In this framework, we speculated that the 24 micron emission which spatially correlates with ionized gas might be associated with either Very Small Grain (VSG) or BG replenishment, as recently proposed for the case of Wind-Blown Bubbles (WBB). Finally, we found that evolved HII regions are characterized by distinctive far-IR and sub-mm colors, which can be used as diagnostics for their identification in unresolved Galactic and extragalactic regions.

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The Co-ordinated Radio and Infrared Survey for High Mass Star Formation (The CORNISH Survey) - I. Survey Design

We describe the motivation, design and implementation of the CORNISH survey, an arcsecond resolution radio continuum survey of the inner Galactic plane at 5 GHz using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). It is a blind survey co-ordinated with the northern Spitzer GLIMPSE I region covering 10 deg < l < 65 deg and |b| < 1 deg at similar resolution. We discuss in detail the strategy that we employed to control the shape of the synthesised beam across this survey that covers a wide range of fairly low declinations. Two snapshots separated by 4 hours in hour angle kept the beam elongation to less that 1.5 over 75% of the survey area and less than 2 over 98% of the survey. The prime scientific motivation is to provide an unbiased survey for ultra-compact HII regions to study this key phase in massive star formation. A sensitivity around 2 mJy will allow the automatic distinction between radio loud and quiet mid-IR sources found in the Spitzer surveys. This survey has many legacy applications beyond star formation including evolved stars, active stars and binaries, and extragalactic sources. The CORNISH survey for compact ionized sources complements other Galactic plane surveys that target diffuse and non-thermal sources as well as atomic and molecular phases to build up a complete picture of the ISM in the Galaxy.

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Variability of the blazar 4C 38.41 (B3 1633+382) from GHz frequencies to GeV energies

The quasar-type blazar 4C 38.41 (B3 1633+382) experienced a large outburst in 2011, which was detected throughout the entire electromagnetic spectrum. We present the results of low-energy multifrequency monitoring by the GASP project of the WEBT consortium and collaborators, as well as those of spectropolarimetric/spectrophotometric monitoring at the Steward Observatory. We also analyse high-energy observations of the Swift and Fermi satellites. In the optical-UV band, several results indicate that there is a contribution from a QSO-like emission component, in addition to both variable and polarised jet emission. The unpolarised emission component is likely thermal radiation from the accretion disc that dilutes the jet polarisation. We estimate its brightness to be R(QSO) ~ 17.85 - 18 and derive the intrinsic jet polarisation degree. We find no clear correlation between the optical and radio light curves, while the correlation between the optical and γ-ray flux apparently fades in time, likely because of an increasing optical to γ-ray flux ratio. As suggested for other blazars, the long-term variability of 4C 38.41 can be interpreted in terms of an inhomogeneous bent jet, where different emitting regions can change their alignment with respect to the line of sight, leading to variations in the Doppler factor δ. Under the hypothesis that in the period 2008-2011 all the γ-ray and optical variability on a one-week timescale were due to changes in δ, this would range between ~ 7 and ~ 21. If the variability were caused by changes in the viewing angle θ only, then θ would go from ~ 2.6 degr to ~ 5 degr. Variations in the viewing angle would also account for the dependence of the polarisation degree on the source brightness in the framework of a shock-in-jet model.

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The structure and emission model of the relativistic jet in the quasar 3C 279 inferred from radio to high-energy gamma-ray observations in 2008-2010

We present time-resolved broad-band observations of the quasar 3C 279 obtained from multi-wavelength campaigns conducted during the first two years of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope mission. While investigating the previously reported gamma-ray/optical flare accompanied by a change in optical polarization, we found that the optical emission appears delayed with respect to the gamma-ray emission by about 10 days. X-ray observations reveal a pair of `isolated' flares separated by ~90 days, with only weak gamma-ray/optical counterparts. The spectral structure measured by Spitzer reveals a synchrotron component peaking in the mid-infrared band with a sharp break at the far-infrared band during the gamma-ray flare, while the peak appears in the mm/sub-mm band in the low state. Selected spectral energy distributions are fitted with leptonic models including Comptonization of external radiation produced in a dusty torus or the broad-line region. Adopting the interpretation of the polarization swing involving propagation of the emitting region along a curved trajectory, we can explain the evolution of the broad-band spectra during the gamma-ray flaring event by a shift of its location from ~ 1 pc to ~ 4 pc from the central black hole. On the other hand, if the gamma-ray flare is generated instead at sub-pc distance from the central black hole, the far-infrared break can be explained by synchrotron self-absorption. We also model the low spectral state, dominated by the mm/sub-mm peaking synchrotron component, and suggest that the corresponding inverse-Compton component explains the steady X-ray emission.

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