arXiv subjects

Gabriele Tolomei

Publications and source records attributed to Gabriele Tolomei.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2024

Protecting Federated Learning from Extreme Model Poisoning Attacks via Multidimensional Time Series Anomaly Detection

Current defense mechanisms against model poisoning attacks in federated learning (FL) systems have proven effective up to a certain threshold of malicious clients. In this work, we introduce FLANDERS, a novel pre-aggregation filter for FL resilient to large-scale model poisoning attacks, i.e., when malicious clients far exceed legitimate participants. FLANDERS treats the sequence of local models sent by clients in each FL round as a matrix-valued time series. Then, it identifies malicious client updates as outliers in this time series by comparing actual observations with estimates generated by a matrix autoregressive forecasting model maintained by the server. Experiments conducted in several non-iid FL setups show that FLANDERS significantly improves robustness across a wide spectrum of attacks when paired with standard and robust existing aggregation methods.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2024

Evading Community Detection via Counterfactual Neighborhood Search

Community detection techniques are useful for social media platforms to discover tightly connected groups of users who share common interests. However, this functionality often comes at the expense of potentially exposing individuals to privacy breaches by inadvertently revealing their tastes or preferences. Therefore, some users may wish to preserve their anonymity and opt out of community detection for various reasons, such as affiliation with political or religious organizations, without leaving the platform. In this study, we address the challenge of community membership hiding, which involves strategically altering the structural properties of a network graph to prevent one or more nodes from being identified by a given community detection algorithm. We tackle this problem by formulating it as a constrained counterfactual graph objective, and we solve it via deep reinforcement learning. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms existing baselines, striking the best balance between accuracy and cost.

cs.SI↗

arXiv2024

Debiasing Machine Unlearning with Counterfactual Examples

The right to be forgotten (RTBF) seeks to safeguard individuals from the enduring effects of their historical actions by implementing machine-learning techniques. These techniques facilitate the deletion of previously acquired knowledge without requiring extensive model retraining. However, they often overlook a critical issue: unlearning processes bias. This bias emerges from two main sources: (1) data-level bias, characterized by uneven data removal, and (2) algorithm-level bias, which leads to the contamination of the remaining dataset, thereby degrading model accuracy. In this work, we analyze the causal factors behind the unlearning process and mitigate biases at both data and algorithmic levels. Typically, we introduce an intervention-based approach, where knowledge to forget is erased with a debiased dataset. Besides, we guide the forgetting procedure by leveraging counterfactual examples, as they maintain semantic data consistency without hurting performance on the remaining dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms existing machine unlearning baselines on evaluation metrics.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2024

$\nabla τ$: Gradient-based and Task-Agnostic machine Unlearning

Machine Unlearning, the process of selectively eliminating the influence of certain data examples used during a model's training, has gained significant attention as a means for practitioners to comply with recent data protection regulations. However, existing unlearning methods face critical drawbacks, including their prohibitively high cost, often associated with a large number of hyperparameters, and the limitation of forgetting only relatively small data portions. This often makes retraining the model from scratch a quicker and more effective solution. In this study, we introduce Gradient-based and Task-Agnostic machine Unlearning ($\nabla τ$), an optimization framework designed to remove the influence of a subset of training data efficiently. It applies adaptive gradient ascent to the data to be forgotten while using standard gradient descent for the remaining data. $\nabla τ$ offers multiple benefits over existing approaches. It enables the unlearning of large sections of the training dataset (up to 30%). It is versatile, supporting various unlearning tasks (such as subset forgetting or class removal) and applicable across different domains (images, text, etc.). Importantly, $\nabla τ$ requires no hyperparameter adjustments, making it a more appealing option than retraining the model from scratch. We evaluate our framework's effectiveness using a set of well-established Membership Inference Attack metrics, demonstrating up to 10% enhancements in performance compared to state-of-the-art methods without compromising the original model's accuracy.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2024

Turning Federated Learning Systems Into Covert Channels

Federated learning (FL) goes beyond traditional, centralized machine learning by distributing model training among a large collection of edge clients. These clients cooperatively train a global, e.g., cloud-hosted, model without disclosing their local, private training data. The global model is then shared among all the participants which use it for local predictions. In this paper, we put forward a novel attacker model aiming at turning FL systems into covert channels to implement a stealth communication infrastructure. The main intuition is that, during federated training, a malicious sender can poison the global model by submitting purposely crafted examples. Although the effect of the model poisoning is negligible to other participants, and does not alter the overall model performance, it can be observed by a malicious receiver and used to transmit a single bit.

cs.CR↗

arXiv2023

Prompt-to-OS (P2OS): Revolutionizing Operating Systems and Human-Computer Interaction with Integrated AI Generative Models

In this paper, we present a groundbreaking paradigm for human-computer interaction that revolutionizes the traditional notion of an operating system. Within this innovative framework, user requests issued to the machine are handled by an interconnected ecosystem of generative AI models that seamlessly integrate with or even replace traditional software applications. At the core of this paradigm shift are large generative models, such as language and diffusion models, which serve as the central interface between users and computers. This pioneering approach leverages the abilities of advanced language models, empowering users to engage in natural language conversations with their computing devices. Users can articulate their intentions, tasks, and inquiries directly to the system, eliminating the need for explicit commands or complex navigation. The language model comprehends and interprets the user's prompts, generating and displaying contextual and meaningful responses that facilitate seamless and intuitive interactions. This paradigm shift not only streamlines user interactions but also opens up new possibilities for personalized experiences. Generative models can adapt to individual preferences, learning from user input and continuously improving their understanding and response generation. Furthermore, it enables enhanced accessibility, as users can interact with the system using speech or text, accommodating diverse communication preferences. However, this visionary concept raises significant challenges, including privacy, security, trustability, and the ethical use of generative models. Robust safeguards must be in place to protect user data and prevent potential misuse or manipulation of the language model. While the full realization of this paradigm is still far from being achieved, this paper serves as a starting point for envisioning this transformative potential.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2023

The Dark Side of Explanations: Poisoning Recommender Systems with Counterfactual Examples

Deep learning-based recommender systems have become an integral part of several online platforms. However, their black-box nature emphasizes the need for explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) approaches to provide human-understandable reasons why a specific item gets recommended to a given user. One such method is counterfactual explanation (CF). While CFs can be highly beneficial for users and system designers, malicious actors may also exploit these explanations to undermine the system's security. In this work, we propose H-CARS, a novel strategy to poison recommender systems via CFs. Specifically, we first train a logical-reasoning-based surrogate model on training data derived from counterfactual explanations. By reversing the learning process of the recommendation model, we thus develop a proficient greedy algorithm to generate fabricated user profiles and their associated interaction records for the aforementioned surrogate model. Our experiments, which employ a well-known CF generation method and are conducted on two distinct datasets, show that H-CARS yields significant and successful attack performance.

cs.IR↗

arXiv2022

MUSTACHE: Multi-Step-Ahead Predictions for Cache Eviction

In this work, we propose MUSTACHE, a new page cache replacement algorithm whose logic is learned from observed memory access requests rather than fixed like existing policies. We formulate the page request prediction problem as a categorical time series forecasting task. Then, our method queries the learned page request forecaster to obtain the next $k$ predicted page memory references to better approximate the optimal Bélády's replacement algorithm. We implement several forecasting techniques using advanced deep learning architectures and integrate the best-performing one into an existing open-source cache simulator. Experiments run on benchmark datasets show that MUSTACHE outperforms the best page replacement heuristic (i.e., exact LRU), improving the cache hit ratio by 1.9% and reducing the number of reads/writes required to handle cache misses by 18.4% and 10.3%.

cs.OS↗

arXiv2022

Sparse Vicious Attacks on Graph Neural Networks

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have proven to be successful in several predictive modeling tasks for graph-structured data. Amongst those tasks, link prediction is one of the fundamental problems for many real-world applications, such as recommender systems. However, GNNs are not immune to adversarial attacks, i.e., carefully crafted malicious examples that are designed to fool the predictive model. In this work, we focus on a specific, white-box attack to GNN-based link prediction models, where a malicious node aims to appear in the list of recommended nodes for a given target victim. To achieve this goal, the attacker node may also count on the cooperation of other existing peers that it directly controls, namely on the ability to inject a number of ``vicious'' nodes in the network. Specifically, all these malicious nodes can add new edges or remove existing ones, thereby perturbing the original graph. Thus, we propose SAVAGE, a novel framework and a method to mount this type of link prediction attacks. SAVAGE formulates the adversary's goal as an optimization task, striking the balance between the effectiveness of the attack and the sparsity of malicious resources required. Extensive experiments conducted on real-world and synthetic datasets demonstrate that adversarial attacks implemented through SAVAGE indeed achieve high attack success rate yet using a small amount of vicious nodes. Finally, despite those attacks require full knowledge of the target model, we show that they are successfully transferable to other black-box methods for link prediction.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2022

ReLAX: Reinforcement Learning Agent eXplainer for Arbitrary Predictive Models

Counterfactual examples (CFs) are one of the most popular methods for attaching post-hoc explanations to machine learning (ML) models. However, existing CF generation methods either exploit the internals of specific models or depend on each sample's neighborhood, thus they are hard to generalize for complex models and inefficient for large datasets. This work aims to overcome these limitations and introduces ReLAX, a model-agnostic algorithm to generate optimal counterfactual explanations. Specifically, we formulate the problem of crafting CFs as a sequential decision-making task and then find the optimal CFs via deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with discrete-continuous hybrid action space. Extensive experiments conducted on several tabular datasets have shown that ReLAX outperforms existing CF generation baselines, as it produces sparser counterfactuals, is more scalable to complex target models to explain, and generalizes to both classification and regression tasks. Finally, to demonstrate the usefulness of our method in a real-world use case, we leverage CFs generated by ReLAX to suggest actions that a country should take to reduce the risk of mortality due to COVID-19. Interestingly enough, the actions recommended by our method correspond to the strategies that many countries have actually implemented to counter the COVID-19 pandemic.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2022

GREASE: Generate Factual and Counterfactual Explanations for GNN-based Recommendations

Recently, graph neural networks (GNNs) have been widely used to develop successful recommender systems. Although powerful, it is very difficult for a GNN-based recommender system to attach tangible explanations of why a specific item ends up in the list of suggestions for a given user. Indeed, explaining GNN-based recommendations is unique, and existing GNN explanation methods are inappropriate for two reasons. First, traditional GNN explanation methods are designed for node, edge, or graph classification tasks rather than ranking, as in recommender systems. Second, standard machine learning explanations are usually intended to support skilled decision-makers. Instead, recommendations are designed for any end-user, and thus their explanations should be provided in user-understandable ways. In this work, we propose GREASE, a novel method for explaining the suggestions provided by any black-box GNN-based recommender system. Specifically, GREASE first trains a surrogate model on a target user-item pair and its $l$-hop neighborhood. Then, it generates both factual and counterfactual explanations by finding optimal adjacency matrix perturbations to capture the sufficient and necessary conditions for an item to be recommended, respectively. Experimental results conducted on real-world datasets demonstrate that GREASE can generate concise and effective explanations for popular GNN-based recommender models.

cs.IR↗

arXiv2022

CF-GNNExplainer: Counterfactual Explanations for Graph Neural Networks

Given the increasing promise of graph neural networks (GNNs) in real-world applications, several methods have been developed for explaining their predictions. Existing methods for interpreting predictions from GNNs have primarily focused on generating subgraphs that are especially relevant for a particular prediction. However, such methods are not counterfactual (CF) in nature: given a prediction, we want to understand how the prediction can be changed in order to achieve an alternative outcome. In this work, we propose a method for generating CF explanations for GNNs: the minimal perturbation to the input (graph) data such that the prediction changes. Using only edge deletions, we find that our method, CF-GNNExplainer, can generate CF explanations for the majority of instances across three widely used datasets for GNN explanations, while removing less than 3 edges on average, with at least 94\% accuracy. This indicates that CF-GNNExplainer primarily removes edges that are crucial for the original predictions, resulting in minimal CF explanations.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2021

NEWRON: A New Generalization of the Artificial Neuron to Enhance the Interpretability of Neural Networks

In this work, we formulate NEWRON: a generalization of the McCulloch-Pitts neuron structure. This new framework aims to explore additional desirable properties of artificial neurons. We show that some specializations of NEWRON allow the network to be interpretable with no change in their expressiveness. By just inspecting the models produced by our NEWRON-based networks, we can understand the rules governing the task. Extensive experiments show that the quality of the generated models is better than traditional interpretable models and in line or better than standard neural networks.

cs.NE↗

arXiv2019

Treant: Training Evasion-Aware Decision Trees

Despite its success and popularity, machine learning is now recognized as vulnerable to evasion attacks, i.e., carefully crafted perturbations of test inputs designed to force prediction errors. In this paper we focus on evasion attacks against decision tree ensembles, which are among the most successful predictive models for dealing with non-perceptual problems. Even though they are powerful and interpretable, decision tree ensembles have received only limited attention by the security and machine learning communities so far, leading to a sub-optimal state of the art for adversarial learning techniques. We thus propose Treant, a novel decision tree learning algorithm that, on the basis of a formal threat model, minimizes an evasion-aware loss function at each step of the tree construction. Treant is based on two key technical ingredients: robust splitting and attack invariance, which jointly guarantee the soundness of the learning process. Experimental results on three publicly available datasets show that Treant is able to generate decision tree ensembles that are at the same time accurate and nearly insensitive to evasion attacks, outperforming state-of-the-art adversarial learning techniques.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2018

You Must Have Clicked on this Ad by Mistake! Data-Driven Identification of Accidental Clicks on Mobile Ads with Applications to Advertiser Cost Discounting and Click-Through Rate Prediction

In the cost per click (CPC) pricing model, an advertiser pays an ad network only when a user clicks on an ad; in turn, the ad network gives a share of that revenue to the publisher where the ad was impressed. Still, advertisers may be unsatisfied with ad networks charging them for "valueless" clicks, or so-called accidental clicks. [...] Charging advertisers for such clicks is detrimental in the long term as the advertiser may decide to run their campaigns on other ad networks. In addition, machine-learned click models trained to predict which ad will bring the highest revenue may overestimate an ad click-through rate, and as a consequence negatively impacting revenue for both the ad network and the publisher. In this work, we propose a data-driven method to detect accidental clicks from the perspective of the ad network. We collect observations of time spent by users on a large set of ad landing pages - i.e., dwell time. We notice that the majority of per-ad distributions of dwell time fit to a mixture of distributions, where each component may correspond to a particular type of clicks, the first one being accidental. We then estimate dwell time thresholds of accidental clicks from that component. Using our method to identify accidental clicks, we then propose a technique that smoothly discounts the advertiser's cost of accidental clicks at billing time. Experiments conducted on a large dataset of ads served on Yahoo mobile apps confirm that our thresholds are stable over time, and revenue loss in the short term is marginal. We also compare the performance of an existing machine-learned click model trained on all ad clicks with that of the same model trained only on non-accidental clicks. There, we observe an increase in both ad click-through rate (+3.9%) and revenue (+0.2%) on ads served by the Yahoo Gemini network when using the latter. [...]

stat.AP↗

arXiv2018

Advertising in the IoT Era: Vision and Challenges

The Internet of Things (IoT) extends the idea of interconnecting computers to a plethora of different devices, collectively referred to as smart devices. These are physical items - i.e., "things" - such as wearable devices, home appliances, and vehicles, enriched with computational and networking capabilities. Due to the huge set of devices involved - and therefore, its pervasiveness - IoT is a great platform to leverage for building new applications and services or extending existing ones. In this regard, expanding online advertising into the IoT realm is an under-investigated yet promising research direction, especially considering that traditional Internet advertising market is already worth hundreds of billions of dollars. In this paper, we first propose the architecture of an IoT advertising platform inspired by the well-known business ecosystem, which the traditional Internet advertising is based on. Additionally, we discuss the key challenges to implement such a platform with a special focus on issues related to architecture, advertisement content delivery, security, and privacy of the users.

cs.CY↗

arXiv2017

Interpretable Predictions of Tree-based Ensembles via Actionable Feature Tweaking

Machine-learned models are often described as "black boxes". In many real-world applications however, models may have to sacrifice predictive power in favour of human-interpretability. When this is the case, feature engineering becomes a crucial task, which requires significant and time-consuming human effort. Whilst some features are inherently static, representing properties that cannot be influenced (e.g., the age of an individual), others capture characteristics that could be adjusted (e.g., the daily amount of carbohydrates taken). Nonetheless, once a model is learned from the data, each prediction it makes on new instances is irreversible - assuming every instance to be a static point located in the chosen feature space. There are many circumstances however where it is important to understand (i) why a model outputs a certain prediction on a given instance, (ii) which adjustable features of that instance should be modified, and finally (iii) how to alter such a prediction when the mutated instance is input back to the model. In this paper, we present a technique that exploits the internals of a tree-based ensemble classifier to offer recommendations for transforming true negative instances into positively predicted ones. We demonstrate the validity of our approach using an online advertising application. First, we design a Random Forest classifier that effectively separates between two types of ads: low (negative) and high (positive) quality ads (instances). Then, we introduce an algorithm that provides recommendations that aim to transform a low quality ad (negative instance) into a high quality one (positive instance). Finally, we evaluate our approach on a subset of the active inventory of a large ad network, Yahoo Gemini.

stat.ML↗