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Gang Chen

Publications and source records attributed to Gang Chen.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources

Context-aware Active Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning has attracted great attention recently, especially policy gradient algorithms, which have been demonstrated on challenging decision making and control tasks. In this paper, we propose an active multi-step TD algorithm with adaptive stepsizes to learn actor and critic. Specifically, our model consists of two components: active stepsize learning and adaptive multi-step TD algorithm. Firstly, we divide the time horizon into chunks and actively select state and action inside each chunk. Then given the selected samples, we propose the adaptive multi-step TD, which generalizes TD($λ$), but adaptively switch on/off the backups from future returns of different steps. Particularly, the adaptive multi-step TD introduces a context-aware mechanism, here a binary classifier, which decides whether or not to turn on its future backups based on the context changes. Thus, our model is kind of combination of active learning and multi-step TD algorithm, which has the capacity for learning off-policy without the need of importance sampling. We evaluate our approach on both discrete and continuous space tasks in an off-policy setting respectively, and demonstrate competitive results compared to other reinforcement learning baselines.

cs.LG↗

Learning to Navigate from Simulation via Spatial and Semantic Information Synthesis with Noise Model Embedding

While training an end-to-end navigation network in the real world is usually of high cost, simulation provides a safe and cheap environment in this training stage. However, training neural network models in simulation brings up the problem of how to effectively transfer the model from simulation to the real world (sim-to-real). In this work, we regard the environment representation as a crucial element in this transfer process and propose a visual information pyramid (VIP) model to systematically investigate a practical environment representation. A novel representation composed of spatial and semantic information synthesis is then established accordingly, where noise model embedding is particularly considered. To explore the effectiveness of this representation, we compared the performance with representations popularly used in the literature in both simulated and real-world scenarios. Results suggest that our environment representation stands out. Furthermore, an analysis on the feature map is implemented to investigate the effectiveness through inner reaction, which could be irradiative for future researches on end-to-end navigation.

cs.RO↗

Optical properties of cubic boron arsenide

The ultrahigh thermal conductivity of boron arsenide makes it a promising material for next-generation electronics and optoelectronics. In this work, we report measured optical properties of cubic boron arsenide crystals including the complex dielectric function, refractive index, and absorption coefficient in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelength range. The data were collected at room temperature using spectroscopic ellipsometry as well as transmission and reflection spectroscopy. We further calculate the optical response using density functional and many-body perturbation theory, considering quasiparticle and excitonic corrections. The computed values for the direct and indirect band gaps (4.25 eV and 2.07 eV) agree well with the measured results (4.12 eV and 2.02 eV). Our findings contribute to the effort of using boron arsenide in novel electronic and optoelectronic applications that take advantage of its demonstrated ultrahigh thermal conductivity and predicted high ambipolar carrier mobility.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

The evolution of Information entropy components in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions

Shannon information entropy provides an effective tool to study the evolution process in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The time evolution process of thermodynamic entropy $S_{\rm thermal}$, multiple entropy $S_{\rm mul}$, and configuration entropy $S_{\rm conf}$ at RHIC is studied using the AMPT model to generate central Au-Au collisions. By superimposing the three kinds of information entropy, we can get a more complete information entropy of the system to describe the physical information of the relativistic heavy ion collision. The results show that the four stages of the time evolution process of the system entropy $S$ seem to correspond to the four physical processes in the relativistic heavy ion collision, indicating that the total entropy of the system can reflect the physical information in the relativistic heavy ion collision more accurately.

hep-ph↗

A New Ensemble HDG Method for Parameterized Convection Diffusion PDEs

We devised a first order time stepping ensemble hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method for a group of parameterized convection diffusion PDEs with different initial conditions, body forces, boundary conditions and coefficients in our earlier work [3]. We obtained an optimal convergence rate for the ensemble solutions in $L^\infty(0,T;L^2(Ω))$ on a simplex mesh; and obtained a superconvergent rate for the ensemble solutions in $L^2(0,T;L^2(Ω))$ after an element-by-element postprocessing if polynomials degree $k\ge 1$ and the coefficients of the PDEs are independent of time. In this work, we propose a new second order time stepping ensemble HDG method to revisit the problem. We obtain a superconvergent rate for the ensemble solutions in $L^\infty(0,T;L^2(Ω))$ without an element-by-element postprocessing for all polynomials degree $k\ge 0$. Furthermore, our mesh can be any polyhedron, no need to be simplex; and the coefficients of the PDEs can dependent on time. Finally, we present numerical experiments to confirm our theoretical results.

math.NA↗

Stain Style Transfer using Transitive Adversarial Networks

Digitized pathological diagnosis has been in increasing demand recently. It is well known that color information is critical to the automatic and visual analysis of pathological slides. However, the color variations due to various factors not only have negative impact on pathologist's diagnosis, but also will reduce the robustness of the algorithms. The factors that cause the color differences are not only in the process of making the slices, but also in the process of digitization. Different strategies have been proposed to alleviate the color variations. Most of such techniques rely on collecting color statistics to perform color matching across images and highly dependent on a reference template slide. Since the pathological slides between hospitals are usually unpaired, these methods do not yield good matching results. In this work, we propose a novel network that we refer to as Transitive Adversarial Networks (TAN) to transfer the color information among slides from different hospitals or centers. It is not necessary for an expert to pick a representative reference slide in the proposed TAN method. We compare the proposed method with the state-of-the-art methods quantitatively and qualitatively. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, our method yields an improvement of 0.87dB in terms of PSNR, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed TAN method in stain style transfer.

eess.IV↗

A New Framework for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning -- Centralized Training and Exploration with Decentralized Execution via Policy Distillation

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a booming area of artificial intelligence. Many practical applications of DRL naturally involve more than one collaborative learners, making it important to study DRL in a multi-agent context. Previous research showed that effective learning in complex multi-agent systems demands for highly coordinated environment exploration among all the participating agents. Many researchers attempted to cope with this challenge through learning centralized value functions. However, the common strategy for every agent to learn their local policies directly often fail to nurture strong inter-agent collaboration and can be sample inefficient whenever agents alter their communication channels. To address these issues, we propose a new framework known as centralized training and exploration with decentralized execution via policy distillation. Guided by this framework and the maximum-entropy learning technique, we will first train agents' policies with shared global component to foster coordinated and effective learning. Locally executable policies will be derived subsequently from the trained global policies via policy distillation. Experiments show that our new framework and algorithm can achieve significantly better performance and higher sample efficiency than a cutting-edge baseline on several multi-agent DRL benchmarks.

cs.LG↗

Overview to the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (Insight-HXMT) Satellite

As China's first X-ray astronomical satellite, the Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT), which was dubbed as Insight-HXMT after the launch on June 15, 2017, is a wide-band (1-250 keV) slat-collimator-based X-ray astronomy satellite with the capability of all-sky monitoring in 0.2-3 MeV. It was designed to perform pointing, scanning and gamma-ray burst (GRB) observations and, based on the Direct Demodulation Method (DDM), the image of the scanned sky region can be reconstructed. Here we give an overview of the mission and its progresses, including payload, core sciences, ground calibration/facility, ground segment, data archive, software, in-orbit performance, calibration, background model, observations and some preliminary results.

astro-ph.IM↗

Intrinsic transverse field in frustrated quantum Ising magnets: its physical origin and quantum effects

Transverse field Ising model is a common model in quantum magnetism and is often illustrated as an example for quantum phase transition. Its physical origin in quantum magnets, however, is actually not quite well-understood. The quantum mechanical properties of this model on frustrated systems are not well-understood either. We here clarify the physical origin, both extrinsic one and intrinsic one, for the transverse field of the quantum Ising model, and then explain the quantum effects in the Kagome system. We discuss the quantum plaquette order and the quantum phase transition out of this ordered state in the rare-earth Kagome magnets. Our specific results can find their relevance in the rare-earth tripod Kagome magnets.

cond-mat.str-el↗

Studies on the time response distribution of Insigh}-HXMT/LE

The Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) named Insight is China's first X-ray astronomical satellite. The Low Energy X-ray Telescope (LE) is one of its main payloads onboard. The detectors of LE adopt swept charge device CCD236 with L-shaped transfer electrodes. Charges in detection area are read out continuously along specific paths, which leads to a time response distribution of photons readout time. We designed a long exposure readout mode to measure the time response distribution. In this mode, CCD236 firstly performs exposure without readout, then all charges generated in preceding exposure phase are read out completely. Through analysis of the photons readout time in this mode, we obtained the probability distribution of photons readout time.

astro-ph.IM↗

Intertwined dipolar and multipolar order in the triangular-lattice magnet TmMgGaO$_4$

A phase transition is often accompanied by the appearance of an order parameter and symmetry breaking. Certain magnetic materials exhibit exotic hidden-order phases, in which the order parameters are not directly accessible to conventional magnetic measurements. Thus, experimental identification and theoretical understanding of a hidden order are difficult. Here we combine neutron scattering and thermodynamic probes to study the newly discovered rare-earth triangular-lattice magnet TmMgGaO$_4$. Clear magnetic Bragg peaks at K points are observed in the elastic neutron diffraction measurements. More interesting, however, is the observation of sharp and highly dispersive spin excitations that cannot be explained by a magnetic dipolar order, but instead is the direct consequence of the underlying multipolar order that is "hidden" in the neutron diffraction experiments. We demonstrate that the observed unusual spin correlations and thermodynamics can be accurately described by a transverse field Ising model on the triangular lattice with an intertwined dipolar and ferro-multipolar order.

cond-mat.str-el↗

Effect of nucleation sites on the growth and quality of single-crystal boron arsenide

Boron arsenide (BAs) has been the least investigated cubic III-V compound, but it has recently attracted significant attention since the confirmation of its unusually high thermal conductivity above 1000 W/m-K. However, determining how to achieve growth of a BAs single crystal on the centimeter scale remains unsolved, which strongly limits further research into, and potential applications of, this interesting material. Here we report our technique to grow a 7-mm-long BAs single crystal via the chemical vapor transport method by applying an additional nucleation site. The different thermal conductivity values obtained from BAs single crystals grown on nucleation sites of different compositions show the importance of choosing the proper nucleation-site material. We believe these findings will inspire further research into the growth of this unique semiconductor.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Boron isotope effect on the thermal conductivity of boron arsenide single crystals

Boron arsenide (BAs) with a zinc blende structure has recently been discovered to exhibit unusual and ultrahigh thermal conductivity (k), providing a new outlook for research on BAs and other high thermal conductivity materials. Technology for BAs crystal growth has been continuously improving, however, the influence of boron isotopes, pure or mixed, on the thermal conductivity in BAs is still not completely clear. Here we report detailed studies on the growth of single crystals of BAs with different isotopic ratios and demonstrate that the k of isotopically pure BAs is at least 10% higher than that of BAs grown from natural B. Raman spectroscopy characterization shows differences in scattering among various BAs samples. The presented results will be helpful in guiding further studies on the influence of isotopes on optimizing k in BAs.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

Experimental identification of electric dipoles induced by magnetic monopoles in Tb2Ti2O7

The fundamental principles of electrodynamics allow an electron carrying both electric monopole (charge) and magnetic dipole (spin) but prohibit its magnetic counterpart. Recently it was predicted that the magnetic "monopoles" carrying emergent magnetic charges in spin ice systems can induce electric dipoles. The inspiring prediction offers a novel way to study magnetic monopole excitations and magnetoelectric coupling. However, no clear example has been identified up to now. Here, we report the experimental evidence for electric dipoles induced by magnetic monopoles in spin frustrated Tb2Ti2O7. The magnetic field applied to pyrochlore Tb2Ti2O7 along [111] direction, brings out a "3-in-1-out" magnetic monopole configuration, and then induces a subtle structural phase transition at Hc~2.3 T. The transition is evidenced by the non-linear phonon splitting under magnetic fields and the anomalous crystal-field excitations of Tb3+ ions. The observations consistently point to the displacement of the oxygen O" anions along [111] axis which gives rise to the formation of electric dipoles. The finding demonstrates that the scenario of magnetic monopole having both magnetic charge and electric dipole is realized in Tb2Ti2O7 and sheds light into the coupling between electricity and magnetism of magnetic monopoles in spin frustrated systems.

cond-mat.str-el↗

5G: Agent for Further Digital Disruptive Transformations

The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication technologies are on the way to be adopted as the next standard for mobile networking. It is therefore timely to analyze the impact of 5G on the landscape of computing, in particular, data management and data-driven technologies. With a predicted increase of 10-100$\times$ in bandwidth and 5-10$\times$ decrease in latency, 5G is expected to be the main enabler for edge computing which includes accessing cloud-like services, as well as conducting machine learning at the edge. In this paper, we examine the impact of 5G on both traditional and emerging technologies, and discuss research challenges and opportunities.

cs.NI↗

Analysis and Optimization of Successful Symbol Transmission Rate for Grant-free Massive Access with Massive MIMO

Grant-free massive access is an important technique for supporting massive machine-type communications (mMTC) for Internet-of-Things (IoT). Two important features in grant-free massive access are low-complexity devices and short-packet data transmission, making the traditional performance metric, achievable rate, unsuitable in this case. In this letter, we investigate grant-free massive access in a massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system. We consider random access control, and adopt approximate message passing (AMP) for user activity detection and channel estimation in the pilot transmission phase and small phase-shift-keying (PSK) modulation in the data transmission phase. We propose a more reasonable performance metric, namely successful symbol transmission rate (SSTR), for grant-free massive access. We obtain closed-form approximate expressions for the asymptotic SSTR in the cases of maximal ratio combining (MRC) and zero forcing (ZF) beamforming at the base station (BS), respectively. We also maximize the asymptotic SSTR with respect to the access parameter and pilot length.

cs.IT↗

Topological thermal Hall effect for topological excitations in spin liquid: Emergent Lorentz force on the spinons

We study the origin of Lorentz force on the spinons in a U(1) spin liquid. We are inspired by the previous observation of gauge field correlation in the pairwise spin correlation using the neutron scattering measurement when the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction intertwines with the lattice geometry. We extend this observation to the Lorentz force that exerts on the (neutral) spinons. The external magnetic field, that polarizes the spins, effectively generates an internal U(1) gauge flux for the spinons and twists the spinon motion through the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Such a mechanism for the emergent Lorentz force differs fundamentally from the induction of the internal U(1) gauge flux in the weak Mott insulating regime from the charge fluctuations. We apply this understanding to the specific case of spinon metals on the kagome lattice. Our suggestion of emergent Lorentz force generation and the resulting topological thermal Hall effect may apply broadly to other non-centrosymmetric spin liquids with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. We discuss the relevance with the thermal Hall transport in kagome materials volborthite and kapellasite.

cond-mat.str-el↗

Experimental signatures of a three-dimensional quantum spin liquid in effective spin-1/2 Ce2Zr2O7 pyrochlore

A quantum spin liquid (QSL) is a state of matter where unpaired electrons' spins in a solid are quantum entangled, but do not show magnetic order in the zero-temperature limit. Because such a state may be important to the microscopic origin of high-transition temperature superconductivity and useful for quantum computation, the experimental realization of QSL is a long-sought goal in condensed matter physics. Although neutron scattering experiments on the two-dimensional (2D) spin-1/2 kagome-lattice ZnCu3(OD)6Cl2 and effective spin-1/2 triangular lattice YbMgGaO4 have found evidence for a continuum of magnetic excitations, the hallmark of a QSL carrying 'fractionalized quantum excitations', at very low temperature, magnetic and nonmagnetic site chemical disorder complicates the interpretation of the data. Recently, the three-dimensional (3D) Ce3+ pyrochlore lattice Ce2Sn2O7 has been suggested as a clean, effective spin-1/2 QSL candidate, but there is no evidence of a spin excitation continuum. Here we use thermodynamic, muon spin relaxation (μ SR), and neutron scattering experiments on single crystals of Ce2Zr2O7, a compound isostructural to Ce2Sn2O7, to demonstrate the absence of magnetic ordering and the presence of a spin excitation continuum at 35 mK, consistent with the expectation of a QSL. Since our neutron diffraction and diffuse scattering measurements on Ce2Zr2O7 reveal no evidence of oxygen deficiency and magnetic/nonmagnetic ion disorder as seen in other pyrochlores, Ce2Zr2O7 may be the first example of a 3D QSL material with minimum magnetic and nonmagnetic chemical disorder.

cond-mat.str-el↗