Ghost channels and ghost cycles guiding long transients in dynamical systems
Dynamical descriptions and modeling of natural systems have generally focused on fixed points, with saddles and saddle-based phase-space objects such as heteroclinic channels/cycles being central concepts behind the emergence of quasi-stable long transients. Reliable and robust transient dynamics observed for real, inherently noisy systems is, however, not met by saddle-based dynamics, as demonstrated here. Generalizing the notion of ghost states, we provide a complementary framework that does not rely on the precise knowledge or existence of (un)stable fixed points, but rather on slow directed flows organized by ghost sets in ghost channels and ghost cycles. Moreover, we show that appearance of these novel objects is an emergent property of a broad class of models, typically used for description of natural systems.