arXiv subjects

Geoffrey T. Bodwin

Publications and source records attributed to Geoffrey T. Bodwin.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Hidden self-energy contributions of collinear functions in SCET

The LSZ reduction formula requires one to identify and amputate complete propagators on external legs of a Green's function and to evaluate complete two-point functions in the mass-shell limit. Motivated by these requirements, we analyze quark self-energy contributions on external legs in soft-collinear effective theory (SCET). We examine an operator basis that follows directly from full quantum chromodynamics (QCD) (upon application of the SCET equations of motion to express small Dirac components in terms of large Dirac components). We find that, for this basis, the self-energy contributions can be identified from their diagrammatic topologies, as in full QCD. However, for an alternative operator basis that is obtained from the direct-QCD basis by an application of Wilson-line identities, interactions are shifted from a covariant derivative to a Wilson line. Consequently, some self-energy contributions are hidden in diagrams involving Wilson lines, making their identification subtle. We find that the hidden self-energy contributions to the two-point function are ill-defined in the mass-shell limit, making their computation problematic. We introduce a generalization of the LSZ formula that allows one to make different choices for the complete propagator and that compensates for those choices through the factor that arises from the on-shell residue of the two-point function. We use this generalization to explore, in both SCET operator bases, various options for using the LSZ formula to construct the $S$-matrix.

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arXiv2024

Gauge invariance of radiative jet functions in the position-space formulation of SCET

In subleading powers of soft-collinear effective theory (SCET), the Lagrangian contains couplings between soft quarks and hard-collinear quarks. Matrix elements of the hard-collinear parts of these couplings are radiative jet functions. In the position-space formulation of SCET, the Lagrangians are constructed from operators that appear to be gauge invariant. Nevertheless, we find violations of gauge invariance arise in the hard-collinear sector because gauge transformations can shift the momentum of a hard-collinear quark field from the hard-collinear sector to the soft sector, where the hard-collinear fields, by definition, have no support. The violations of gauge invariance are manifested in perturbation theory in the hard-collinear sector through the absence of certain Feynman diagrams that would be present in full QCD. A consequence of the absence of these diagrams is that the radiative jet functions that follow directly from the position-space Lagrangians are not gauge invariant, and we demonstrate this through explicit calculations in lower-order perturbation theory. We obtain gauge-invariant Lagrangians by adding to existing position-space Lagrangians terms that are proportional to the soft-quark equation of motion. These gauge-invariant Lagrangians are valid for nonzero, as well as zero, quark masses. We also remark briefly on the gauge invariance of certain Lagrangians that have been constructed in the label-momentum formulation of SCET.

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arXiv2023

Higher-order relativistic corrections to gluon fragmentation into spin-triplet S-wave quarkonium

We compute the relative-order-v^4 contribution to gluon fragmentation into quarkonium in the 3S1 color-singlet channel, using the nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization approach. The QCD fragmentation process contains infrared divergences that produce single and double poles in epsilon in 4-2epsilon dimensions. We devise subtractions that isolate the pole contributions, which ultimately are absorbed into long-distance NRQCD matrix elements in the NRQCD matching procedure. The matching procedure involves two-loop renormalizations of the NRQCD operators. The subtractions are integrated over the phase space analytically in 4-2epsilon dimensions, and the remainder is integrated over the phase-space numerically. We find that the order-v^4 contribution is enhanced relative to the order-v^0 contribution. However, the order-v^4 contribution is not important numerically at the current level of precision of quarkonium-hadroproduction phenomenology. We also estimate the contribution to hadroproduction from gluon fragmentation into quarkonium in the 3PJ color-octet channel and find that it is significant in comparison to the complete next-to-leading-order-in-alpha_s contribution in that channel.

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arXiv2022

Renormalization of the radiative jet function

We show how to compute directly the renormalization/evolution of the radiative jet function that appears in the factorization theorems for $B\to γ\ellν$ and $H\to γγ$ through a $b$-quark loop. We point out that, in order to avoid double counting of soft contributions, one should use in the factorization theorems a subtracted radiative jet function, from which soft contributions have been removed. The soft-contribution subtractions are zero-bin subtractions in the terminology of soft-collinear effective theory. We show that they can be factored from the radiative jet function and that the resulting soft-subtraction function gives rise to a nonlocal renormalization of the subtracted radiative jet function. This is a novel instance in which zero-bin subtractions lead to a nonlocality in the renormalization of a subtracted quantity that is not present in the renormalization of the unsubtracted quantity. We demonstrate the use of our formalism by computing the order-$α_s$ evolution kernel for the subtracted radiative jet function. Our result is in agreement with the result that had been inferred previously by making use of the factorization theorem for $B\to γ\ellν$, but that had been ascribed to the unsubtracted radiative jet function.

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arXiv2021

Analyticity, renormalization, and evolution of the soft-quark function

We compute the renormalization and evolution of the soft-quark function that appears in the factorization theorem for Higgs-boson decays to two photons through a $b$-quark loop. Our computation confirms a conjecture by Liu, Mecaj, Neubert, Wang, and Fleming for the form of the renormalization and evolution of the soft-quark function in order $α_s$. We also work out the analyticity structure of the soft-quark function by making use of light-cone perturbation theory.

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arXiv2020

New method for fitting coefficients in standard model effective theory

We present an alternative method for carrying out a principal-component analysis of Wilson coefficients in standard model effective field theory (SMEFT). The method is based on singular-value decomposition (SVD). The SVD method provides information about the sensitivity of experimental observables to physics beyond the standard model that is not accessible in the Fisher-information method. In principle, the SVD method can also have computational advantages over diagonalization of the Fisher information matrix. We demonstrate the SVD method by applying it to the dimension-6 coefficients for the process of top-quark decay to a $b$ quark and a $W$ boson and use this example to illustrate some pitfalls in widely used fitting procedures. We also outline an iterative procedure for applying the SVD method to dimension-8 SMEFT coefficients.

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arXiv2020

Covariant calculation of a two-loop test of nonrelativistic QCD factorization

We test the nonrelativistic QCD factorization conjecture for inclusive quarkonium production at two loops by carrying out a covariant calculation of the nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics (NRQCD) long-distance matrix element (LDME) for a heavy-quark pair in an $S$-wave, color-octet state to fragment into a heavy-quark pair in a color-singlet state of arbitrary orbital angular momentum. The NRQCD factorization conjecture for the universality of the LDME requires that infrared divergences that it contains be independent of the direction of the Wilson line that appears in its definition. We find this to be the case in our calculation. The results of our calculation differ in some respects from those of a previous calculation that was carried out by Nayak, Qiu, and Sterman using light-cone methods. We have identified the sources of some of these differences. The results of both calculations are consistent with the NRQCD factorization conjecture. However, the general principle that underlies this confirmation of NRQCD factorization at two-loop order has yet to be revealed.

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arXiv2019

Implementation of Maxwell's equations in the reconstruction of the magnetic field in the $g-2$ storage ring

We present a method for implementing the constraints that are implied by Maxwell's equations in fits to measurements of the magnetic field in the muon storage ring of the $g-2$ experiment. The method that we use makes use of toroidal-harmonic solutions of Laplace's equation. We point out that the fitting problem can be approximated well as a linear-algebra problem. We have devised an efficient algorithm for the linear-algebra problem that makes it possible to find a solution for $10^5$ data points and $10^4$ harmonics in less than an hour on a present-day desktop computer. We illustrate our method by applying it to some preliminary measurements of the magnetic field in the $g-2$ storage ring.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2018

$Z$-boson decays to a vector quarkonium plus a photon

We compute the decay rates for the processes $Z\to V+γ$, where $Z$ is the $Z$ boson, $γ$ is the photon, and $V$ is one of the vector quarkonia $J/ψ$ or $Υ(nS)$, with $n=1$, $2$, or $3$. Our computations include corrections through relative orders $α_s$ and $v^2$ and resummations of logarithms of $m_Z^2/m_Q^2$, to all orders in $α_s$, at NLL accuracy. ($v$ is the velocity of the heavy quark $Q$ or the heavy antiquark $\bar{Q}$ in the quarkonium rest frame, and $m_Z$ and $m_Q$ are the masses of $Z$ and $Q$, respectively.) Our calculations are the first to include both the order-$α_s$ correction to the light-cone distributions amplitude and the resummation of logarithms of $m_Z^2/m_Q^2$ and are the first calculations for the $Υ(2S)$ and $Υ(3S)$ final states. The resummations of logarithms of $m_Z^2/m_Q^2$ that are associated with the order-$α_s$ and order-$v^2$ corrections are carried out by making use of the Abel-Padé method. We confirm the analytic result for the order-$v^2$ correction that was presented in a previous publication, and we correct the relative sign of the direct and indirect amplitudes and some choices of scales in that publication. Our branching fractions for $Z\to J/ψ+γ$ and $Z\to Υ(1S)+γ$ differ by $2.0\,σ$ and $-4.0\,σ$, respectively, from the branching fractions that are given in the most recent publication on this topic (in units of the uncertainties that are given in that publication). However, we argue that the uncertainties in the rates are underestimated in that publication.

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arXiv2018

Addendum: New approach to the resummation of logarithms in Higgs-boson decays to a vector quarkonium plus a photon [Phys. Rev. D 95, 054018 (2017)]

In this addendum to Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 95}, 054018 (2017) we recompute the rates for the decays of the Higgs boson to a vector quarkonium plus a photon, where the vector quarkonium is $J/ψ$, $Υ(1S)$, $Υ(2S)$, or $Υ(3S)$. We correct an error in the Abel-Padé summation formula that was used to carry out the evolution of the quarkonium light-cone distribution amplitude in Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 95}, 054018 (2017). We also correct an error in the scale of quarkonium wave function at the origin in Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 95}, 054018 (2017) and introduce several additional refinements in the calculation.

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arXiv2017

New approach to the resummation of logarithms in Higgs-boson decays to a vector quarkonium plus a photon

We present a calculation of the rates for Higgs-boson decays to a vector heavy-quarkonium state plus a photon, where the heavy quarkonium states are the J/psi and the Upsilon(nS) states, with n=1, 2, or 3. The calculation is carried out in the light-cone formalism, combined with nonrelativistic QCD factorization, and is accurate at leading order in m_Q^2/m_H^2, where m_Q is the heavy-quark mass and m_H is the Higgs-boson mass. The calculation contains corrections through next-to-leading order in the strong-coupling constant alpha_s and the square of the heavy-quark velocity v, and includes a resummation of logarithms of m_H^2/m_Q^2 at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. We have developed a new method, which makes use of Abel summation, accelerated through the use of Pade approximants, to deal with divergences in the resummed expressions for the quarkonium light-cone distribution amplitudes. This approach allows us to make definitive calculations of the resummation effects. Contributions from the order-alpha_s and order-v^2 corrections to the light-cone distribution amplitudes that we obtain with this new method differ substantially from the corresponding contributions that one obtains from a model light-cone distribution amplitude [M. Koenig and M. Neubert, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2015) 012]. Our results for the real parts of the direct-process amplitudes are considerably smaller than those from one earlier calculation [G. T. Bodwin, H. S. Chung, J.-H. Ee, J. Lee, and F. Petriello, Phys. Rev. D 90, 113010 (2014)], reducing the sensitivity to the Higgs-boson--heavy-quark couplings, and are somewhat smaller than those from another earlier calculation [M. Koenig and M. Neubert, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2015) 012]. However, our results for the standard-model Higgs-boson branching fractions are in good agreement with those in M. Koenig and M. Neubert, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2015) 012.

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arXiv2017

Comment on "Single-inclusive jet production in electron-nucleon collisions through next-to-next-to-leading order in perturbative QCD" [Phys. Lett. B 763, 52--59 (2016)]

In the cross section for single-inclusive jet production in electron-nucleon collisions, the distribution of a quark in an electron appears at next-to-next-to-leading order. The numerical calculations in Ref. [1] were carried out using a perturbative approximation for the distribution of a quark in an electron. We point out that that distribution receives nonperturbative QCD contributions that invalidate the perturbative approximation. Those nonperturbative effects enter into cross sections for hard-scattering processes through resolved-electron contributions and can be taken into account by determining the distribution of a quark in an electron phenomenologically.

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arXiv2017

Higgs-Stoponium Mixing Near the Stop-Antistop Threshold

Supersymmetric extensions of the standard model contain additional heavy neutral Higgs bosons that are coupled to heavy scalar top quarks (stops). This system exhibits interesting field theoretic phenomena when the Higgs mass is close to the stop-antistop production threshold. Existing work in the literature has examined the digluon-to-diphoton cross section near threshold and has focused on enhancements in the cross section that might arise either from the perturbative contributions to the Higgs-to-digluon and Higgs-to-diphoton form factors or from mixing of the Higgs boson with stoponium states. Near threshold, enhancements in the relevant amplitudes that go as inverse powers of the stop-antistop relative velocity require resummations of perturbation theory and/or nonperturbative treatments. We present a complete formulation of threshold effects at leading order in the stop-antistop relative velocity in terms of nonrelativistic effective field theory. We give detailed numerical calculations for the case in which the stop-antistop Green's function is modeled with a Coulomb-Schrödinger Green's function. We find several general effects that do not appear in a purely perturbative treatment. Higgs-stop-antistop mixing effects displace physical masses from the threshold region, thereby rendering the perturbative threshold enhancements inoperative. In the case of large Higgs-stop-antistop couplings, the displacement of a physical state above threshold substantially increases its width, owing to its decay width to a stop-antistop pair, and greatly reduces its contribution to the cross section.

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arXiv2016

Fragmentation contributions to hadroproduction of prompt $J/ψ$, $χ_{cJ}$, and $ψ(2S)$ states

We compute fragmentation corrections to hadroproduction of the quarkonium states $J/ψ$, $χ_{cJ}$, and $ψ(2S)$ at leading power in $m_c^2/p_T^2$, where $m_c$ is the charm-quark mass and $p_T$ is the quarkonium transverse momentum. The computation is carried out in the framework of nonrelativistic QCD. We include corrections to the parton-production cross sections through next-to-leading order in the strong coupling $α_s$ and corrections to the fragmentation functions through second order in $α_s$. We also sum leading logarithms of $p_T^2/m_c^2$ to all orders in perturbation theory. We find that, when we combine these leading-power fragmentation corrections with fixed-order calculations through next-to-leading order in $α_s$, we are able to obtain good fits for $p_T\geq 10$ GeV to hadroproduction cross sections that were measured at the Tevatron and the LHC. Using values for the nonperturbative long-distance matrix elements that we extract from the cross-section fits, we make predictions for the polarizations of the quarkonium states. We obtain good agreement with measurements of the polarizations, with the exception of the CDF Run II measurement of the prompt $J/ψ$ polarization, for which the agreement is only fair. In the predictions for the prompt-$J/ψ$ cross sections and polarizations, we take into account feeddown from the $χ_{cJ}$ and $ψ(2S)$ states.

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arXiv2015

Fragmentation contributions to $J/ψ$ photoproduction at HERA

We compute leading-power fragmentation corrections to $J/ψ$ photoproduction at DESY HERA, making use of the nonrelativistic QCD factorization approach. Our calculations include parton production cross sections through order $α_s^3$, fragmentation functions though order $α_s^2$, and leading logarithms of the transverse momentum divided by the charm-quark mass to all orders in $α_s$. We find that the leading-power fragmentation corrections, beyond those that are included through next-to-leading order in $α_s$, are small relative to the fixed-order contributions through next-to-leading order in $α_s$. Consequently, an important discrepancy remains between the experimental measurements of the $J/ψ$ photoproduction cross section and predictions that make use of nonrelativistic-QCD long-distance matrix elements that are extracted from the $J/ψ$ hadroproduction cross-section and polarization data.

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arXiv2015

Quark fragmentation into spin-triplet $S$-wave quarkonium

We compute fragmentation functions for a quark to fragment to a quarkonium through an $S$-wave spin-triplet heavy quark-antiquark pair. We consider both color-singlet and color-octet heavy quark-antiquark ($Q\bar Q$) pairs. We give results for the case in which the fragmenting quark and the quark that is a constituent of the quarkonium have different flavors and for the case in which these quarks have the same flavors. Our results for the sum over all spin polarizations of the $Q\bar Q$ pairs confirm previous results. Our results for longitudinally polarized $Q\bar Q$ pairs agree with previous calculations for the same flavor cases and correct an error in a previous calculation for the different-flavor case.

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arXiv2014

Relativistic corrections to Higgs boson decays to quarkonia

We improve the theoretical predictions for the decays of the Higgs boson to an $S$-wave vector quarkonium plus a photon by calculating the relativistic correction of order $v^2$, where $v$ is the heavy-quark velocity in the quarkonium rest frame. Our numerical results are given for the $J/ψ$ and $Υ(nS)$ channels, with $n=1,2,3$. The numerical results include a previously calculated correction of order $α_s$ and summations, to all orders in $α_s$, of leading logarithms of $m_H^2/m_Q^2$, where $m_H$ is the Higgs-boson mass and $m_Q$ is the heavy-quark mass. These QCD corrections apply to the contribution of leading order in $v$ and to part of the order-$v^2$ correction. For the remainder of the order-$v^2$ correction, we sum leading logarithms of $m_H/m_Q$ through order $α_s^2$. These refinements reduce the theoretical uncertainties in the direct-production amplitudes for $H \to J/ψ+γ$ and $H \to Υ(1S)+γ$ by approximately a factor of 3 and open the door to improved determinations at the LHC of the Higgs-boson Yukawa couplings to the charm and bottom quarks.

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arXiv2014

Double Logarithms in $e^+ e^- \to J/ψ+ η_c$

Double logarithms of $Q^2/m_c^2$ that appear in the cross section for $e^+e^-\to J/ψ+ η_c$ at next-to-leading order (NLO) in the strong coupling $α_s$ account for the bulk of the NLO correction at $B$-factory energies. (Here, $Q^2$ is the square of the center-of-momentum energy, and $m_c$ is the charm-quark mass.) We analyze the double logarithms that appear in the contribution of each NLO Feynman diagram, and we find that the double logarithms arise from both the Sudakov and the end-point regions of the loop integration. The Sudakov double logarithms cancel in the sum over all diagrams. We show that the end-point region of integration can be interpreted as a pinch-singular region in which a spectator fermion line becomes soft or soft and collinear to a produced meson. This interpretation may be important in establishing factorization theorems for helicity-flip processes, such as $e^+e^-\to J/ψ+ η_c$, and in resumming logarithms of $Q^2/m_c^2$ to all orders in $α_s$.

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