The Partition Pairing Theorems I
The aim of this paper is to introduce pairing theory for partitions. We begin with two statistics on integer partitions, the \emph{pairing index} and the \emph{pairing rank}. The pairing index is equidistributed with the number of parts, while a joint refinement identifies its two constituents with the numbers of even and odd parts. We further introduce the \emph{pairing width} and prove that pairing index and pairing width are jointly equidistributed with the number of parts and the largest part. The resulting finite Gaussian generating function has a cyclotomic factorization from which Kummer's famous carry theorem for binomial coefficients follows. We also prove a mod-$5$ congruence for the excess of unpaired parts congruent to $1$ modulo $4$ over those congruent to $3$ modulo $4$ in the partitions of $5n+4$. A signed specialization exhibits that the parity of the pairing rank is governed by self-conjugate partitions. Motivated by this, we go on to introduce a second, diagrammatic pairing: after the two wings of the Durfee square are folded together, the unpaired cells break into connected \emph{diagonal blocks}. These blocks may be reflected independently, giving a Boolean decomposition of the set of partitions with a unique representative having all successive ranks nonnegative. We then relate our theory to overpartitions and Frobenius representations, obtaining as a corollary a geometric realization of overpartitions in terms of partitions whose principal hooks are all even. Finally, we study simply paired partitions of negative pairing rank, obtaining identities involving odd divisors and overpartitions, a parity theorem for pairing rank $-2$, and a Toeplitz determinant whose coefficientwise limit is an explicit infinite product related to MacMahon's product for plane partitions.