3D simulations of magnetospheric accretion in T Tauri stars: I. Disk truncation, stellar torques, and application to observations
Young stars accrete material from their circumstellar disk through their magnetosphere while still contracting, two processes that impact their rotational evolution. We investigate stable and unstable accretion regimes (due to the interchange instability) and examine the associated stellar torques to assess the spin evolution of young stars. We perform 3D MHD simulations of disk accretion onto an inclined stellar dipole. We run 21 simulations with varying stellar stellar rotation rates, dipole field strengths and obliquities, and mass accretion rates. We find that stars with a ratio of truncation to corotation radius $R_t/R_{co} \gtrsim 0.80-0.85$ accrete via a stable regime, while accretion becomes unstable otherwise. Besides, our $R_t/R_{\ast}$ parametrization weakly depends on the mass accretion rate and the dipolar intensity, while strongly on the stellar rotation rate. We derive torque formulae for each flow component affecting the stellar rotation, i.e. accretion, magnetospheric ejections and stellar winds. Finally, we apply our results to a sample of young stars with measured magnetic fields, mass accretion rates, and rotational periods and find that most of them should currently accrete in an unstable regime and undergo spin-up torques. Our study comforts and expands upon previous results. Unstable accretion should lead to a net spin-up torque on the central star, while stable accretion can lead to stellar spin-down. When applying our truncation radius and torque prescriptions to observational data, we find that most young stars in our sample should be in a spin-up state. Thus, the angular momentum problem for young stars remains.