Angular-Channel Capacity and Nonlocal Wavefront Engineering for Phased-Array--Lens Systems
Wide-angle beam steering with high directivity is fundamentally limited by diffraction, restricting the scan performance of phased-array systems. Here, we establish the bounds governing beam steering with high directivity in phased-array--lens systems and show that nonlocal dielectric metalenses can operate close to these limits. Unlike conventional metalenses that suppress mutual coupling, our approach exploits nonlocal electromagnetic interactions to laterally redistribute energy and expand the spatial width of phase coherence across the aperture. This enables efficient wavefront engineering for uniformly excited planar phased arrays using conventional linear progressive phasing. We further reveal the roles of diffraction and evanescent waves in determining the maximum coherent-aperture expansion and directivity enhancement. The resulting angular-channel bounds identify two distinct operating regimes for passive linear phased-array--lens systems: scan-resolution enhancement and directivity enhancement with preserved scan range. Guided by these limits, we derive geometry-independent design equations and develop an adjoint-based inverse-design framework for passive linear metalenses, enabling planar and cylindrical implementations that operate close to the fundamental limits. We experimentally validate a compact cylindrical metalens that preserves the $50^\circ$ scan range and scan resolution of a phased array with a $3.5λ_0$-wide aperture while providing a $2.5$--$3.5\,\mathrm{dB}$ increase in peak directivity. These results establish nonlocal dielectric metalenses as a practical platform for diffraction-limited wavefront engineering in phased arrays.