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Gerard Lemson

Publications and source records attributed to Gerard Lemson.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

IVOA Recommendation: VOResource: an XML Encoding Schema for Resource Metadata Version 1.03

This document describes an XML encoding standard for IVOA Resource Metadata, referred to as VOResource. This schema is primarily intended to support interoperable registries used for discovering resources; however, any application that needs to describe resources may use this schema. In this document, we define the types and elements that make up the schema as representations of metadata terms defined in the IVOA standard, Resource Metadata for the Virtual Observatory [Hanicsh et al. 2004]. We also describe the general model for the schema and explain how it may be extended to add new metadata terms and describe more specific types of resources.

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IVOA Recommendation: VODataService: a VOResource Schema Extension for Describing Collections and Services Version 1.1

VODataService refers to an XML encoding standard for a specialized extension of the IVOA Resource Metadata that is useful for describing data collections and the services that access them. It is defined as an extension of the core resource metadata encoding standard known as VOResource [Plante et al. 2008] using XML Schema. The specialized resource types defined by the VODataService schema allow one to describe how the data underlying the resource cover the sky as well as cover frequency and time. This coverage description leverages heavily the Space-Time Coordinates (STC) standard schema [Rots 2007]. VODataService also enables detailed descriptions of tables that includes information useful to the discovery of tabular data. It is intended that the VODataService data types will be particularly useful in describing services that support standard IVOA service protocols.

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The MultiDark Database: Release of the Bolshoi and MultiDark Cosmological Simulations

We present the online MultiDark Database -- a Virtual Observatory-oriented, relational database for hosting various cosmological simulations. The data is accessible via an SQL (Structured Query Language) query interface, which also allows users to directly pose scientific questions, as shown in a number of examples in this paper. Further examples for the usage of the database are given in its extensive online documentation (www.multidark.org). The database is based on the same technology as the Millennium Database, a fact that will greatly facilitate the usage of both suites of cosmological simulations. The first release of the MultiDark Database hosts two 8.6 billion particle cosmological N-body simulations: the Bolshoi (250/h Mpc simulation box, 1/h kpc resolution) and MultiDark Run1 simulation (MDR1, or BigBolshoi, 1000/h Mpc simulation box, 7/h kpc resolution). The extraction methods for halos/subhalos from the raw simulation data, and how this data is structured in the database are explained in this paper. With the first data release, users get full access to halo/subhalo catalogs, various profiles of the halos at redshifts z=0-15, and raw dark matter data for one time-step of the Bolshoi and four time-steps of the MultiDark simulation. Later releases will also include galaxy mock catalogs and additional merging trees for both simulations as well as new large volume simulations with high resolution. This project is further proof of the viability to store and present complex data using relational database technology. We encourage other simulators to publish their results in a similar manner.

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Local Gravity versus Local Velocity: Solutions for $β$ and nonlinear bias

(abridged) We perform a reconstruction of the cosmological large scale flows in the nearby Universe using two complementary observational sets. The first, the SFI++ sample of Tully-Fisher (TF) measurements of galaxies, provides a direct probe of the flows. The second, the whole sky distribution of galaxies in the 2MASS redshift survey (2MRS), yields a prediction of the flows given the cosmological density parameter, $Ω$, and a biasing relation between mass and galaxies. We aim at an unbiased comparison between the peculiar velocity fields extracted from the two data sets and its implication on the cosmological parameters and the biasing relation. We expand the fields in a set of orthonormal basis functions, each representing a plausible realization of a cosmological velocity field. Our analysis completely avoids the strong error covariance in the smoothed TF velocities by the use of orthonormal basis functions and employs elaborate realistic mock data sets to extensively calibrate the errors in 2MRS predicted velocities. We relate the 2MRS galaxy distribution to the mass density field by a linear bias factor, $b$, and include a luminosity dependent, $\propto L^α$, galaxy weighting. We assess the agreement between the fields as a function of $α$ and $β=f(Ω)/b$, where $f$ is the growth factor of linear perturbations. The agreement is excellent with a reasonable $χ^2$ per degree of freedom. For $α=0$, we derive $0.28<β<0.37$ and $0.24<β<0.43$, respectively, at the 68.3% and 95.4% confidence levels (CLs). For $β=0.33$, we get $α<0.25$ and $α<0.5$, respectively, at the 68.3% and 95.4% CLs. We set a constraint on the fluctuation normalization, finding $σ_8 = 0.73 \pm 0.1$, in very good agreement with the latest WMAP results.

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From dwarf spheroidals to cDs: Simulating the galaxy population in a LCDM cosmology

We apply updated semi-analytic galaxy formation models simultaneously to the stored halo/subhalo merger trees of the Millennium and Millennium-II simulations. These differ by a factor of 125 in mass resolution, allowing explicit testing of resolution effects on predicted galaxy properties. We have revised the treatments of the transition between the rapid infall and cooling flow regimes of gas accretion, of the sizes of bulges and of gaseous and stellar disks, of supernova feedback, of the transition between central and satellite status as galaxies fall into larger systems, and of gas and star stripping once they become satellites. Plausible values of efficiency and scaling parameters yield an excellent fit not only to the observed abundance of low-redshift galaxies over 5 orders of magnitude in stellar mass and 9 magnitudes in luminosity, but also to the observed abundance of Milky Way satellites. This suggests that reionisation effects may not be needed to solve the "missing satellite" problem except, perhaps, for the faintest objects. The same model matches the observed large-scale clustering of galaxies as a function of stellar mass and colour. The fit remains excellent down to ~30kpc for massive galaxies. For M* < 6 x 10^10Msun, however, the model overpredicts clustering at scales below 1 Mpc, suggesting that the sigma_8 adopted in the simulations (0.9) is too high. Galaxy distributions within rich clusters agree between the simulations and match those observed, but only if galaxies without dark matter subhalos (so-called orphans) are included. Our model predicts a larger passive fraction among low-mass galaxies than is observed, as well as an overabundance of ~10^10Msun galaxies beyond z~0.6, reflecting deficiencies in the way star-formation rates are modelled.

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Cosmic Cartography of the Large-Scale Structure with Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 6

We present the largest Wiener reconstruction of the cosmic density field made to date. The reconstruction is based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data release 6 covering the northern Galactic cap. We use a novel supersampling algorithm to suppress aliasing effects and a Krylov-space inversion method to enable high performance with high resolution. These techniques are implemented in the ARGO computer code. We reconstruct the field over a 500 Mpc cube with Mpc grid-resolution while accounting both for the angular and radial selection functions of the SDSS, and the shot noise giving an effective resolution of the order of ~10 Mpc. In addition, we correct for the redshift distortions in the linear and nonlinear regimes in an approximate way. We show that the commonly used method of inverse weighting the galaxies by the corresponding selection function heads to excess noise in regions where the density of the observed galaxies is small. It is more accurate and conservative to adopt a Bayesian framework in which we model the galaxy selection/detection process to be Poisson-binomial. This results in heavier smoothing in regions of reduced sampling density. Our results show a complex cosmic web structure with huge void regions indicating that the recovered matter distribution is highly non-Gaussian. Filamentary structures are clearly visible on scales up to ~20 Mpc. We also calculate the statistical distribution of density after smoothing the reconstruction with Gaussian kernels of different radii r_S and find good agreement with a log-normal distribution for ~10 Mpc < r_S < ~30 Mpc.

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Resolving Cosmic Structure Formation with the Millennium-II Simulation

We present the Millennium-II Simulation (MS-II), a very large N-body simulation of dark matter evolution in the concordance LCDM cosmology. The MS-II assumes the same cosmological parameters and uses the same particle number and output data structure as the original Millennium Simulation (MS), but was carried out in a periodic cube one-fifth the size (100 Mpc/h) with 5 times better spatial resolution (a Plummer equivalent softening of 1.0 kpc/h) and with 125 times better mass resolution (a particle mass of 6.9 \times 10^6 Msun/h). By comparing results at MS and MS-II resolution, we demonstrate excellent convergence in dark matter statistics such as the halo mass function, the subhalo abundance distribution, the mass dependence of halo formation times, the linear and nonlinear autocorrelations and power spectra, and halo assembly bias. Together, the two simulations provide precise results for such statistics over an unprecedented range of scales, from halos similar to those hosting Local Group dwarf spheroidal galaxies to halos corresponding to the richest galaxy clusters. The "Milky Way" halos of the Aquarius Project were selected from a lower resolution version of the MS-II and were then resimulated at much higher resolution. As a result, they are present in the MS-II along with thousands of other similar mass halos. A comparison of their assembly histories in the MS-II and in resimulations of 1000 times better resolution shows detailed agreement over a factor of 100 in mass growth. We publicly release halo catalogs and assembly trees for the MS-II in the same format within the same archive as those already released for the MS.

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LCDM predictions for galaxy protoclusters I: the relation between galaxies, protoclusters and quasars at z~6

Motivated by recent observational studies of the environment of z~6 QSOs, we have used the Millennium Run (MR) simulations to construct a very large (~20 deg^2) mock redshift survey of star-forming galaxies at z~6. We use this simulated survey to study the relation between density enhancements in the distribution of i-dropouts and Lya-emitters, and their relation to the most massive halos and protocluster regions at z~6. Our simulation predicts significant variations in surface density across the sky with some voids and filaments extending over scales of 1 degree, much larger than probed by current surveys. Approximately one third of all z~6 halos hosting i-dropouts brighter than z=26.5 mag (~M* at z=6) become part of z=0 galaxy clusters. i-dropouts associated with protocluster regions are found in regions where the surface density is enhanced on scales ranging from a few to several tens of arcminutes on the sky. We analyze two structures of i-dropouts and Lya-emitters observed with the Subaru Telescope and show that these structures must be the seeds of massive clusters-in-formation. In striking contrast, six z~6 QSO fields observed with HST show no significant enhancements in their i-dropout number counts. With the present data, we cannot rule out the QSOs being hosted by the most massive halos. However, neither can we confirm this widely used assumption. We conclude by giving detailed recommendations for the interpretation and planning of observations by current and future ground- and space based instruments that will shed new light on questions related to the large-scale structure at z~6.

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GPU-Based Interactive Visualization of Billion Point Cosmological Simulations

Despite the recent advances in graphics hardware capabilities, a brute force approach is incapable of interactively displaying terabytes of data. We have implemented a system that uses hierarchical level-of-detailing for the results of cosmological simulations, in order to display visually accurate results without loading in the full dataset (containing over 10 billion points). The guiding principle of the program is that the user should not be able to distinguish what they are seeing from a full rendering of the original data. Furthermore, by using a tree-based system for levels of detail, the size of the underlying data is limited only by the capacity of the IO system containing it.

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Quenching of Star Formation

In the last decade we have seen an enormous increase in the size and quality of spectroscopic galaxy surveys, both at low and high redshift. New statistical techniques to analyse large portions of galaxy spectra are now finding favour over traditional index based methods. Here we will review a new robust and iterative Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm, which solves several common issues with classic PCA. Application to the 4000AA break region of galaxies in the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey (VVDS) and Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) gives new high signal-to-noise ratio spectral indices easily interpretable in terms of recent star formation history. In particular, we identify a sample of post-starburst galaxies at z~0.7 and z~0.07. We quantify for the first time the importance of post-starburst galaxies, consistent with being descendants of gas-rich major mergers, for building the red sequence. Finally, we present a comparison with new low and high redshift "mock spectroscopic surveys" derived from a Millennium Run semi-analytic model.

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Quantifying the Cosmic Web I: The large-scale halo ellipticity-ellipticity and ellipticity-direction correlations

The formation of dark matter halos tends to occur anisotropically along the filaments of the Cosmic Web, which induces both ellipticity-ellipticity (EE) correlations between the shapes of halos, as well as ellipticity-direction (ED) cross-correlations between halo shapes and the directions to neighboring halos. We analyze the halo catalogue and the semi-analytic galaxy catalogue of the recent Millennium Run Simulation to measure the EE and ED correlations numerically at four different redshifts (z=0, 0.5, 1 and 2). For the EE correlations, we find that (i) the major-axis correlation is strongest while the intermediate-axis correlation is weakest; (ii) the signal is significant at distances out to 10 Mpc/h; (iii) the signal decreases as z decreases; (iv) and its behavior depends strongly on the halo mass scale, with larger masses showing stronger correlations at large distances. For the ED correlations, we find that (i) the correlations are much stronger than the EE correlations, and are significant even out to distances of 50 Mpc/h; (ii) the signal also decreases as z decreases; (iii) and it increases with halo mass at all distances. We also provide empirical fitting functions for the EE and ED correlations. The EE correlations are found to scale linearly with the linear density correlation function, xi(r). While the ED cross-correlation is found to scale as xi^{1/2}(r) at large distances beyond 10 Mpc/h. The best-fit values of the fitting parameters for the EE and the ED correlations are all determined through chi^{2}-statistics. Our results may be useful for quantifying the filamentary distribution of dark matter halos over a wide range of scales.

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The Varied Fates of z~2 Star-forming Galaxies

Star-forming galaxies constitute the majority of galaxies with stellar masses >10^10 M_Sun/h^2 at z~2 and dominate the star-formation rate density of the Universe at this early epoch. It is thus critical to understand their origins, evolution, and connection to the underlying dark matter distribution. To this end, we identify the dark matter halos (including subhalos) that are likely to contain star-forming galaxies at z~2 (z2SFGs) within a large dissipationless cosmological simulation and then use halo merger histories to follow the evolution of z2SFG descendants to z~1 and z~0. The evolved halos at these epochs are then confronted with an array of observational data in order to uncover the likely descendants of z2SFGs. Though the evolved halos have clustering strengths comparable to red galaxies at z~1 and z~0, we find that the bulk of z2SFGs do not evolve into red galaxies, at either epoch. This conclusion is based primarily on the fact that the space density of z2SFGs is much higher than that of lower redshift red galaxies, even when accounting for the merging of z2SFG descendants, which decreases the number density of z2SFG descendants by at most a factor of two by z~0. Of the ~50% of z2SFGs that survive to z~0, ~70% reside at the center of z~0 dark matter halos with M>10^12 M_Sun/h. Halo occupation modeling of z~0 galaxies suggests that such halos are occupied by galaxies with M_r<-20.5, implying that these z2SFGs evolve into ``typical'' ~ L* galaxies today, including our own Galaxy. The remaining ~30% become satellite galaxies by z~0, and comparison to halo occupation modeling suggests that they are rather faint, with M_r<-19.5. (ABRIDGED)

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Bursty stellar populations and obscured AGN in galaxy bulges

[Abridged] We investigate trends between the recent star formation history and black hole growth in galaxy bulges in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The galaxies lie at 0.01<z<0.07 where the fibre aperture covers only the central 0.6-4.0kpc diameter of the galaxy. We find strong trends between black hole growth, as measured by dust-attenuation-corrected OIII luminosity, and the recent star formation history of the bulges. We conclude that our results support the popular hypothesis for black hole growth occurring through gas inflow into the central regions of galaxies, followed by a starburst and triggering of the AGN. However, while this is a significant pathway for the growth of black holes, it is not the dominant one in the present-day Universe. More unspectacular processes are apparently responsible for the majority of this growth. In order to arrive at these conclusions we have developed a set of new high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) optical spectral indicators, designed to allow a detailed study of stellar populations which have undergone recent enhanced star formation. Working in the rest-frame wavelength range 3750-4150AA, ideally suited to many recent and ongoing spectroscopic surveys at low and high redshift, the first two indices are equivalent to the previously well studied 4000AA break strength and Hdelta equivalent width. The primary advantage of this new method is a greatly improved SNR for the latter index, allowing the present study to use spectra with SNR-per-pixel as low as 8.

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Biasing and the distribution of dark matter haloes

In hierarchical models of gravitational clustering, virialized haloes are biased tracers of the matter distribution. As discussed by Mo & White (1996), this bias is nonlinear and stochastic. They developed a model which allows one to write down analytic expressions for the mean of the bias relation, in the initial Lagrangian, and the evolved, Eulerian spaces. We provide analytic expressions for the higher order moments as well. We also show how the Mo-White approach can be extended to compute the evolution, not just of the haloes, but of the dark matter distribution itself. The model predictions for the mean and scatter in the Eulerian bias relation, as well as for the Eulerian halo-mass and halo-halo correlation functions, are in reasonable agreement with numerical simulations of hierarchical gravitational clustering for haloes of a wide range of masses, whereas the predictions for the corresponding Lagrangian quantities are accurate only for massive haloes.

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Evaluating Semi-Analytic Halo Merging Histories

We evaluate the accuracy of semi-analytic merger-trees by comparing them with the merging histories of dark-matter halos in N-body simulations, focusing on the joint distribution of the number of progenitors and their masses. We first confirm that the halo mass function as predicted directly by the Press-Schechter (PS) model deviates from the simulations by up to 50% depending on the mass scale and redshift, while the means of the projected distributions of progenitor number and mass for a halo of a given mass are more accurately predicted by the Extended PS model. We then use the full merger trees to study the joint distribution as a function of redshift and parent-halo mass. We find that while the deviation of the mean quantities due to the inaccuracy of the Extended PS model partly propagates into the higher moments of the distribution, the merger-tree procedure does not introduce a significant additional source of error. In particular, certain properties of the merging history such as the mass ratio of the progenitors and the total accretion rate are reproduced quite accurately for galaxy sized halos ($\sim 10^{12}\msun$), and less so for larger masses. We conclude that although there could be $\sim 50%$ deviations in the absolute numbers and masses of progenitors and in the higher order moment of these distributions, the relative properties of progenitors for a given halo are reproduced fairly well by the merger trees. They can thus provide a useful framework for modelling galaxy formation once the above-mentioned limitations are taken into account.

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The forest of merger history trees associated with the formation of dark matter halos

We describe a simple efficient algorithm that allows one to construct Monte-Carlo realizations of merger histories of dark matter halos. The algorithm is motivated by the excursion set model (Bond et al. 1991) for the conditional and unconditional halo mass functions. The forest of trees constructed using this algorithm depends on the underlying power spectrum. For Poisson or white-noise initial power-spectra, the forest has exactly the same properties as the ensemble of trees described by Sheth (1996) and Sheth & Pitman (1997). In this case, many ensemble averaged higher order statistics of the tree distribution can be computed analytically. For Gaussian initial conditions with more general power-spectra, mean properties of the ensemble closely resemble the mean properties expected from the excursion set approach. Various statistical quantities associated with the trees constructed using our algorithm are in good agreement with what is measured in numerical simulations of hierarchical gravitational clustering.

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Environmental Influences on Dark Matter Halos and Consequences for the Galaxies Within Them

We use large N-body simulations of dissipationless gravitational clustering in cold dark matter (CDM) cosmologies to study whether the properties of dark matter halos are affected by their environment. We look for correlations between the masses, formation redshifts, concentrations, shapes and spins of halos and the overdensity of their local environment. We also look for correlations of these quantities with the local tidal field. Our conclusion is extremely simple. Only the mass distribution varies as a function of environment. This variation is well described by a simple analytic formula based on the conditional Press-Schechter theory. We find no significant dependence of any other halo property on environment. Our results do not depend on our choice of cosmology. According to current hierarchical models, the structure and evolutionary history of a galaxy is fully determined by the structure and evolutionary history of the dark halo in which it is embedded. If these models are correct, clustering variations between galaxies of differing morphological types, luminosities, colours and surface brightnesses, must all arise because the halo mass function is skewed towards high mass objects in overdense regions of the Universe and towards low mass objects in underdense regions.

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