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Gerhard A. Schuler

Publications and source records attributed to Gerhard A. Schuler.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
arXiv1998

Vector-Meson Electroproduction from Generalized Vector Dominance

Including destructively interfering off-diagonal transitions of diffraction-dissociation type, we arrive at a formulation of GVD for exclusive vector-meson production in terms of a continuous spectral representation of dipole form. The transverse cross-section sigma_T for gamma* p -> V p behaves asymptotically as 1/Q^4, while R_V = sigma_L/sigma_T becomes asymptotically constant. Contributions violating s-channel helicity conservation stay at the 10-15% level established in low-energy photoproduction and diffractive hadron--hadron interactions. The data for phi- and rho-meson production for 0 \lsim Q^2 \lsim 20 GeV^2 from HERA are found to be in agreement with these predictions.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1997

Two-photon physics with GALUGA 2.0

An extended version of the Monte Carlo program GALUGA is presented for the computation of two-photon production in $\e^+\e^-$ collisions. Functions implemented for the five $γ^\starγ^\star$ structure functions now include several ansätze of the total hadronic cross section based on the BFKL--Pomeron and various Regge-like models. In addition, structure functions for resonance formation are included with full dependence on the two photon virtualities $Q_1^2$ and $Q_2^2$ as given in the constituent-quark model. The six lowest-lying resonances of each of the C-even mesons with $J^{P}= 0^-$, $0^+$, $1^+$, $2^+$ and $2^-$ are provided. The program can also be used to calculate with exact kinematics the effective two-photon luminosity function. Special emphasis is put on a numerically stable evaluation of all variables over the full $Q_i^2$ range while keeping all dependences on the electron mass and $Q_i^2$.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1997

Power counting in exclusive quarkonium decays

Recent progress in the factorization of exclusive decays of heavy quarkonia into long-distance and short-distance contributions is presented. The role of higher Fock states and colour-octet contributions is outlined.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1997

Higher Fock states and power counting in exclusive P-wave quarkonium decays

Exclusive processes at large momentum transfer Q factor into perturbatively calculable short-distance parts and long-distance hadronic wave functions. Usually, only contributions from the leading Fock states have to be included to leading order in 1/Q. We show that for exclusive decays of P-wave quarkonia the contribution from the next-higher Fock state |Q Qbar g> contributes at the same order in 1/Q. We investigate how the constituent gluon attaches to the hard process in order to form colour-singlet final-state hadrons and argue that a single additional long-distance factor is sufficient to parametrize the size of its contribution. Incorporating transverse degrees of freedom and Sudakov factors, our results are perturbatively stable in the sense that soft phase-space contributions are largely suppressed. Explicit calculations yield good agreement with data on chi_{c J} decays into pairs of pions, kaons, and etas. We also comment on J/psi decays into two pions.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1997

Quarkonium production: velocity-scaling rules and long-distance matrix elements

The hierarchy of long-distance matrix elements (MEs) for quarkonium production depends on their scaling with the velocity $v$ of the heavy quark in the bound state. Ranges for the velocities in various bound states and uncertainties of colour-singlet MEs are estimated in a quark-potential model. Different possibilities for the scaling with $v$ of the MEs are discussed; they depend on the actual values of $v$ and the QCD scale. As an application, J/psi polarization in e^+e^- annihilation is discussed. The first non-perturbative estimates of colour-octet MEs are presented and compared with phenomenological determinations. Finally, various predictions of prompt quarkonium production at LEP are compared.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1996

GALUGA, a Monte Carlo program for two-photon processes in e+e- collisions

A Monte Carlo program is presented for the computation of the most general cross section for two-photon production in e+e- collisions at fixed two-photon invariant mass W. Functions implemented for the five gamma* gamma* structure functions include three models of the total hadronic cross section and the lepton-pair production cross section. Prospects of a structure-function determination through a study of the azimuthal dependence between the two scattering planes are outlined. All dependences on the electron mass and the photon virtualities Q_i^2 are fully kept. Special emphasis is put on a numerically stable evaluation of all variables over the full Q_i^2 range from Q_{i\min}^2 \sim m_e^2 (W/\sqrt{s})^4 \ll m_e^2 up to Q_{i\max}^2 \sim s. A comparison is made with an existing Monte Carlo program for lepton-pair production and an equivalent-photon approximation for hadronic cross sections.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1996

Improving the equivalent-photon approximation in electron--positron collisions

The validity of the equivalent-photon approximation for two-photon processes in electron--positron collisions is critically examined. Commonly used forms to describe hadronic two-photon production are shown to lead to sizeable errors. An improved two-photon luminosity function is presented, which includes beyond-leading-logarithmic effects and scalar-photon contributions. Comparisons of various approximate expressions with the exact calculation in the case of the total hadronic cross section are given. Furthermore, effects of the poorly known low-Q2 behaviour of the virtual hadronic cross sections are discussed.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1996

Systematics of quarkonium production

Quarkonium production in high-energy reactions is found to exhibit a behaviour more universal than that expected from velocity scaling. Total rates of quarkonia produced in hadronic interactions as well as Feynman-x and transverse momentum distributions can be described over the full range of accessible energies (15 < sqrt{s} < 1800 GeV) by two-stage processes. The quarkonium production cross section factors into a process-dependent short-distance part and a single long-distance matrix element. The first part describing the production of a free quark--antiquark pair is the perturbatively calculated subthreshold cross section. The non-perturbative factor turns out to be universal, giving the model great predictive power. Furthermore we estimate the fraction of the heavy-quark cross section leading to quarkonium for both the charm and bottom systems. Finally, we comment on quarkonium photoproduction.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1996

A scenario for high-energy gamma-gamma interactions

A real photon has a complicated nature, whereby it may remain unresolved or fluctuate into a vector meson or a perturbative q-qbar pair. In gamma-gamma events, this gives three by three combinations of the nature of the two incoming photons, and thus six distinct event classes. The properties of these classes are partly constrained by the choices already made in our related gamma-p model. It is therefore possible to predict the energy-dependence of the cross section for each of the six components separately. The total cross section gives support to the idea that a simple factorized ansatz with a pomeron and a reggeon term can be a good approximation. Event properties undergo a stepwise evolution from p-p to gamma-p to gamma-gamma events, with larger charged multiplicity, more transverse energy flow and a higher jet rate in the latter process.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1996

Parton Distributions of the Virtual Photon

We propose a generic ansatz for the extension of parton distributions of the real photon to those of the virtual photon. Alternatives and approximations are studied that allow closed-form parametrizations.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1995

On the non-perturbative part of the photon structure function

We discuss a dispersion relation in the photon mass and show how (in principle) model-independent constraints on the parton distribution functions of the photon, notably a momentum sumrule, can be obtained. We present two sets of parametrizations, SaS~1 and~2, corresponding to two rather extreme realizations of the non-perturbative part. Inclusive electron scattering off a real photon is found to be insufficient to constrain the non-perturbative components. The additional sensitivity provided by the photon virtuality is outlined. Previous approaches to model the non-perturbative input distributions are commented upon.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1995

Production of heavy quarks and heavy quarkonia

Uncertainties in the next-to-leading-order calculations of heavy-quark ($Q$) production are investigated. Predictions for total cross sections, single-inclusive distributions of heavy quarks and heavy flavoured hadrons, as well as for $Q\bar{Q}$ correlations, are compared with charm and bottom data. The description of heavy-quarkonium production requires a separation of the short-distance scale of $Q\bar{Q}$ production, which is set by the heavy-quark mass from the longer-distance scales associated with the bound-state formation. Various factorization approaches are compared, in particular with respect to the different constraints imposed on the colour and angular-momentum states of the $Q\bar{Q}$ pair(s) within a specific quarkonium state. Theoretical predictions are confronted with data on heavy-quarkonium production at fixed-target experiments and also at $p\bar{p}$ colliders, where fragmentation gives the leading-twist cross section in $1/p_T^2$ and $1/m^2$ at high transverse momentum.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1995

Low- and high-mass components of the photon distribution functions

The structure of the general solution of the inhomogeneous evolution equations allows the separation of a photon structure function into perturbative (``anomalous") and non-perturbative contributions. The former part is fully calculable, and can be identified with the high-mass contributions to the dispersion integral in the photon mass. Properly normalized ``state" distributions can be defined, where the $γ\to\qqbar$ splitting probability is factored out. These state distributions are shown to be useful in the description of the hadronic event properties, and necessary for a proper eikonalization of jet cross sections. Convenient parametrizations are provided both for the state and for the full anomalous parton distributions. The non-perturbative parts of the parton distribution functions of the photon are identified with the low-mass contributions to the dispersion integral. Their normalizations, as well as the value of the scale $Q_0$ at which the perturbative parts vanish, are fixed by approximating the low-mass contributions by a discrete, finite sum of vector mesons. The shapes of these hadronic distributions are fitted to the available data on $F_2^γ(x,Q^2)$. Parametrizations are provided for $Q_0=0.6\,$GeV and $Q_0=2\,$GeV, both in the DIS and the $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$ factorization schemes. The full parametrizations are extended towards virtual photons. Finally, the often-used ``FKP-plus-TPC/$2γ$" solution for $F_2^γ(x,Q^2)$ is commented upon.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1994

Heavy Quarkonium Effective Theory

We formulate a QCD-based effective theory approach to heavy quarkonia-like systems as $\bar{c} c$ and $\bar{b} b$ resonances and $B_c$ states. We apply the method to inclusive decays, working out a few examples in detail.

hep-ph↗
arXiv1994

gamma-gamma and gamma-p Events at High Energies

A real photon has a complicated nature, whereby it may remain unresolved or fluctuate into a vector meson or a perturbative q-qbar pair. Based on this picture, we previously presented a model for gamma-p events that is based on the presence of three main event classes: direct, VMD and anomalous. In gamma-gamma events, a natural generalization gives three-by-three combinations of the nature of the two incoming photons, and thus six distinct event classes. The properties of these classes are constrained by the choices already made, in the gamma-p model, of cut-off procedures and other aspects. It is therefore possible to predict the energy-dependence of the cross section for each of the six components separately. The total cross section thus obtained is in good agreement with data, and also gives support to the idea that a simple factorized ansatz with a pomeron and a reggeon term can be a good approximation. Event properties undergo a logical evolution from p-p to gamma-p to gamma-gamma events, with larger charged multiplicity, more transverse energy flow and a higher jet rate in the latter process.

hep-ph↗