arXiv subjects

Gilles Theureau

Publications and source records attributed to Gilles Theureau.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Probing the magnetic field of a coronal mass ejection with PSR J1022+1001

We investigate whether low-frequency pulsar observations can provide LoS magnetic field estimates and whether these are consistent with synthetic LoS signatures extracted from a three-dimensional CME reconstruction constrained by Solar Orbiter data. We analyze a CME occultation of the LoS to PSR J1022+1001 on 20 August 2021 at a projected heliocentric distance of 24.6 R_sun, observed simultaneously with LOFAR and NenuFAR. From LOFAR, we derive time-resolved dispersion measure (DM) and rotation measure (RM) and isolate the CME contributions using background estimates for interstellar, solar wind and ionospheric components. We then infer the density-weighted LoS-averaged magnetic field component _PSR from the ratio delta-RM/delta-DM. In parallel, we reconstruct the CME using a semi-empirical 3DCORE model fitted to Solar Orbiter in-situ magnetic field observations at 0.65 au. We sample the modeled magnetic field along the pulsar LoS using fixed spatial sampling points and compute synthetic LoS-averaged signatures _3D for different flux rope configurations. The derived _PSR increases from approximately -9 nT to a peak near 63 nT during the observed interval. Comparison with synthetic signatures shows that the polarity and temporal evolution of the LoS signal are strongly dependent on the flux rope configuration and only a South-West-North (SWN) configuration (confirmed by Solar Orbiter in-situ data) reproduces the observed sign and overall evolution, whereas alternative configurations are incompatible. The modeled amplitudes, however, are systematically larger than the pulsar-derived values by roughly a factor of five. We show that simultaneous low-frequency pulsar DM and RM measurements can provide LoS magnetic field estimates for a CME and can be used to test CME magnetic structure against data-constrained three-dimensional reconstructions.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2026

A NICER view of PSR J1614$-$2230: a massive and compact millisecond pulsar

Using pulse profile modeling, we obtain the mass-radius measurement of a millisecond pulsar (MSP) with data from the Neutron Star Interior Composition ExploreR, XMM-Newton and the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We report here the radius of PSR J1614$-$2230, the second most massive MSP confirmed by radio timing. All of the data sets are well described by a simple model composed of two circular hot spots. The final result yields an equatorial radius of $R_{\rm eq}=10.06 ^{+1.25}_{-0.87}\,$km, and a gravitational mass of $M=1.937^{+0.012}_{-0.013}\,M_{\odot}$ (equally tailed 68% credible intervals). Although a non-thermal component was previously reported at higher energies, we find no sign of it in either our phase-averaged or phase-resolved spectral analyses. Using new relations linking the compactness to oblateness or surface gravity, and tailored to the spin frequency of PSR J1614$-$2230, we infer a configuration with one hot spot near the pole, and another near the equator. The tight mass posterior is essentially informed by radio timing, while the radius constraint is not as tight due to the low source signal (8.5$σ$ X-ray pulse significance). However, over all geometries and atmosphere models tested, the radius posterior tends toward low values ($\lesssim12.08\,$km, 90th percentile in all cases).

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

A NICER view of the millisecond pulsar PSR J2124$-$3358: evidence for a helium atmosphere

Pulse profile modeling has proven to be a powerful technique for determining the mass and radius of neutron stars. To date, this method has been applied to a handful of millisecond pulsars observed by the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER). However, analyses of more millisecond pulsars are necessary to determine tight constraints on the equation of state of superdense matter. In this study, we present an analysis of the isolated, rotation-powered millisecond pulsar PSR J2124$-$3358 using the X-ray Pulse Simulation and Inference (X-PSI) package, a publicly available state-of-the-art code for neutron-star relativistic ray tracing and Bayesian parameter inference. We use NICER and Chandra observations of this pulsar, exploring different neutron star atmospheric compositions and different configurations of the hot polar caps responsible for the pulsed X-ray emission. Our analyses favor a helium atmospheric composition, plausibly originating from accretion and subsequent evaporation of a former hydrogen-depleted binary companion. For this composition, and given the faint nature of the source and the low signal-to-noise of the data sets, we obtain broad posterior distributions yielding a mass $M = 1.8\pm0.5\,M_\odot$ and an equatorial radius $R_{\mathrm{eq}} = 11.7^{+2.6}_{-3.0}$ km (medians and $68\%$ credible intervals), and infer a configuration consisting of two slightly non-antipodal hot spots. By contrast, when using a hydrogen atmosphere model, the mass and radius decrease by $\sim 0.5\,M_\odot$ and $\sim 1$ km, respectively. Future multiwavelength studies, particularly those incorporating radio and gamma-ray pulse-emission, may provide tighter constraints on the geometry and physical properties of this source.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2026

Inflationary interpretation of the gravitational-wave signal in the European Pulsar Timing Array DR2 with constraints

The second data release of the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) collaboration provides evidence for the presence of a gravitational-wave (GW) background. In this work, we explore a potential cosmological interpretation of this signal in terms of inflationary scenarios. We parametrize the tensor power spectrum in terms of the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$, the tensor spectral index $n_t$, the reheating temperature $T_{\text{rh}}$, and the cut-off frequency $f_{\text{end}}$. We incorporate all relevant observational constraints, including those from the Cosmic Microwave Background, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis, and LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observations. We demonstrate that imposing these constraints consistently reduces the region of parameter space that provides a viable interpretation of the EPTA signal, to $-11.66 \lesssim \log_{10}r \lesssim -1.45$, $1.32 \lesssim n_t \lesssim 2.47$, $1.78\text{ MeV} \lesssim T_{\text{rh}} \lesssim 28.2\text{ GeV}$, and $75.86\text{ nHz} \lesssim f_{\text{end}} \lesssim 14.45\text{ Hz}$ at the 95% confidence level. This favours the scenario in which the GW spectrum in the EPTA frequency band originates from tensor modes that re-entered the Hubble radius during the radiation-dominated era, allowing for a higher $r$ and a flatter spectrum. However, $T_{\text{rh}}$ must take very low values, which are challenging to explain theoretically.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2026

Shapiro Delay Measurements from Fifteen Years of PSR J1231$-$1411 Radio Observations

We present 15 years of Nançay and Green Bank radio telescope timing observations for PSR J1231$-$1411. This millisecond pulsar is a primary science target for the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer telescope (NICER, which discovered its X-ray pulsations), has accumulated near-continuous $γ$-ray data since the Fermi-Large Area Telescope's launch, and has been studied extensively with the Green Bank and Nançay radio telescopes. We have undertaken a campaign with the Green Bank Telescope targeting specific orbital phases designed to improve our constraint on the pulsar's mass through the detection of a relativistic Shapiro delay. Both frequentist and Bayesian techniques -- the latter incorporating priors from white dwarf binary evolution models -- are applied to fifteen years of radio observations, yielding relatively weak constraints on the companion and pulsar masses of $0.23^{+0.09}_{-0.06}$ M$_{\odot}$ and $1.87^{+1.11}_{-0.67}$ M$_{\odot}$, respectively (68.3% CI from Bayesian fits); however, the orbital inclination is measured to better relative precision ($79.80^{+3.47}_{-4.70}$ degrees). Restricting the maximum allowed pulsar mass to 3 M$_{\odot}$ improves the constraint and lowers the measured mass to $1.71^{+0.70}_{-0.56}$ M$_{\odot}$. A fully-generalized Bayesian fit that simultaneously samples the noise and timing models yields a pulsar mass in close agreement with this value. While our radio-derived inclination result has informed recent NICER X-ray studies of PSR J1231$-$1411, the lessons learned from this troublesome pulsar will also bolster future high-precision mass measurement campaigns and resulting constraints on the neutron star interior equation of state.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Search for Gravitational Wave Memory in PPTA and EPTA Data: A Complete Signal Model

We perform searches for gravitational wave memory in the data of two major Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments located in Europe and Australia. Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are the primary sources of gravitational waves in PTA experiments. We develop and carry out the first search for late inspirals and mergers of these sources based on full numerical relativity waveforms with null (nonlinear) gravitational wave memory. Additionally, we search for generic bursts of null gravitational wave memory, exploring possibilities of reducing the computational cost of these searches through kernel density and normalizing flow approximation of the posteriors. We rule out the mergers of SMBHBs with a chirp mass of 10^10 Solar Mass up to 700 Mpc over 18 years of observation at 95% credibility. We rule out the observation of generic displacement memory bursts with strain amplitudes > 10^-14 in brief periods of the observation time but across the sky, or over the whole observation time but for certain preferred sky positions, at 95%$credibility.

gr-qc↗

arXiv2025

A NICER view of the 1.4 solar-mass edge-on pulsar PSR J0614-3329

Four neutron star radius measurements have already been obtained by modeling the X-ray pulses of rotation-powered millisecond pulsars observed by the Neutron Star Interior Composition ExploreR (NICER). We report here the radius measurement of PSR J0614-3329 employing the same method with NICER and XMM-Newton data using Bayesian Inference. For all different models tested, including one with unrestricted inclination prior, we retrieve very similar non-antipodal hot regions geometries and radii. For the preferred model, we infer an equatorial radius of $R_{\rm eq}=10.29^{+1.01}_{-0.86}\,$km for a mass of $M=1.44^{+0.06}_{-0.07} \, M_{\odot}$ (median values with equal-tailed $68\%$ credible interval), the latter being essentially constrained from radio timing priors obtained by MeerKAT. A more complex model, fitting the data equally well, resulted in a consistent inferred radius. We find that, for all different models, the pulse emission originates from two hot regions, one at the pole and the other at the equator. The resulting radius constraint is consistent with previous X-ray and gravitational wave measurements of neutron stars in the same mass range. Equation of state inferences, including previous NICER and gravitational wave results, slightly soften the equation of state with PSR J0614$-$3329 included and shift the allowed mass-radius region toward lower radii by $\sim 300\,$m, which is compatible with previous analyses to within less than one standard deviation.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Pulsar B1237+25 Aberration/Retardation Analysis from Decimeter to Decameter Wavelength: Challenge to "Radius-to-Frequency Mapping"

PSR B1237+25 is perhaps the canonical example of a pulsar with a core/double cone profile. Moreover, it is bright with little spectral turnover, and its profile perhaps uniquely remains undistorted by scattering far into the decametric band. Here we assemble more than a dozen of the highest quality profiles (30 MHz to 5 GHz) from half a dozen observatories, where possible polarimetric. The pulsar's 2.6$^{\circ}$ core component marks the magnetic axis longitude, and we confirm that this point coincides both with the linear polarization angle inflection point and the zero-crossing of its antisymmetric circular signature -- thus providing the possibility to estimate emission heights over a very broad band using aberration/retardation (A/R). We then carefully fit the profile components with Gaussians to identify and study the subtle asymmetries produced by A/R. We find a consistent A/R in the pulsar's profiles of some 0.5$^{\circ}$ longitude or 2 ms -- corresponding to a putative conal emission height of 200-400 km -- with a formal error of about 100 km. Our analysis finds no evidence whatsoever for an emission height increase with wavelength, the so-called ``radius-to-frequency mapping''. Nor do we find any significant difference in A/R effect between the outer and inner cones.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

A glitch in the millisecond pulsar J0900$-$3144

We report the detection of a glitch in the millisecond pulsar (MSP) PSR J0900$-$3144, which is included in the European, MeerKAT and Parkes pulsar timing array experiments. The dataset combines observations from the MeerKAT, Nançay, Lovell, and Murriyang telescopes, spanning a total baseline of approximately 14 years. The glitch occurred on MJD~59942(17), with a measured fractional spin frequency step of $Δν_g / ν=1.15(13) \times 10^{-12}$. This event represents the third glitch detected in a MSP, following those in PSRs B1821$-$24A and J0613$-$0200. Although smaller in amplitude than the previous two, the glitch in PSR J0900$-$3144 is of a comparable order of magnitude. The updated MSP glitch rate is $2.5(1)\times 10^{-3}$ glitches per pulsar per year, which suggests it is likely current PTAs will detect another MSP glitch within five years. Using simulations, we demonstrate that such small glitches can go undetected, especially in short datasets such as those from new PTAs, and can bias the inferred achromatic noise model parameters, potentially leading to the down-weighting of the pulsar in gravitational wave background searches.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Rapid Construction of Joint Pulsar Timing Array Datasets: The Lite Method

The International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA)'s second data release (IPTA DR2) combines decades of observations of 65 millisecond pulsars from 7 radio telescopes. IPTA datasets should be the most sensitive datasets to nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs), but take years to assemble, often excluding valuable recent data. To address this, we introduce the IPTA "Lite" analysis, where a Figure of Merit is used to select an optimal PTA dataset to analyze for each pulsar, enabling immediate access to new data and preliminary results prior to full combination. We test the capabilities of the Lite analysis using IPTA DR2, finding that "DR2 Lite" can be used to detect the common red noise process with an amplitude of $A = 4.8^{+1.8}_{-1.8} \times 10^{-15}$ at $γ= 13/3$. This amplitude is slightly large in comparison to the combined analysis, and likely biased high as DR2 Lite is more sensitive to systematic errors from individual pulsars than the full dataset. Furthermore, although there is no strong evidence for Hellings-Downs correlations in IPTA DR2, we still find the full dataset is better at resolving Hellings-Downs correlations than DR2 Lite. Alongside the Lite analysis, we also find that analyzing a subset of pulsars from IPTA DR2, available at a hypothetical "early" stage of combination (EDR2), yields equally competitive results as the full dataset. Looking ahead, the Lite method will enable rapid synthesis of the latest PTA data, offering preliminary GW constraints before the superior full dataset combinations are available.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Observations of Carbon Radio Recombination Lines with the NenuFAR telescope. I. Cassiopeia A and Cygnus A

Carbon Radio Recombination Lines (CRRLs) at decametre wavelengths trace the diffuse phase of the interstellar medium (ISM) of the Galaxy. Their observation allows to measure physical parameters of this phase. We observed CRRLs with the recently commissioned New Extension in Nançay Upgrading LOFAR (NenuFAR) telescope towards two of the brightest sources at low-frequency (10-85 MHz): Cassiopeia A and Cygnus A (hereafter Cas A and Cyg A respectively), to measure the density n_e and temperature T_e of electrons in line-of-sight clouds. We used NenuFAR's beamforming mode, and we integrated several tens of hours on each source. The nominal spectral resolution was 95.4 Hz. We developed a pipeline to remove radio frequency interference (RFI) contamination and correct the baselines. We then fitted the spectral lines observed in absorption, associated to line-of-sight clouds. Cas A is the brightest source in the sky at low frequencies and represents an appropriate test bench for this new telescope. On this source, we detected 398 Cαlines between principal quantum numbers n=426 and n=826. Cαlines towards Cyg A were fainter. We stacked the signal by groups of a few tens of lines to improve the quality of our fitting process. On both sources we reached significantly higher S/N and spectral resolution than the most recent detections by the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR). The variation of line shape with n provides constraints on the physical properties of the clouds: T_e, n_e, the temperature T_0 of the radiation field, the mean turbulent velocity v_t and the typical size of the cloud. The NenuFAR observations sample a larger space volume than LOFAR's towards the same sources due to the differences in instrumental beamsizes, and the discrepancies highlight the sensitivity of low-frequency CRRLs as probes of the diffuse ISM, paving the way towards large area surveys of CRRLs in our Galaxy.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2025

The polarimetric response of the Nançay Radio Telescope and its impact on precision pulsar timing

In \citet{Guillemot2023} we presented a new method for calibrating pulsar observations conducted with the Nançay decimetric Radio Telescope (NRT), which significantly improved NRT polarimetric measurements and pulsar timing quality for data taken after this method was developed, in November 2019. Results hinted at a dependence of the polarimetric response of the NRT on the observed direction. We investigated this potential dependence, since unaccounted variations of the instrumental response could degrade polarimetric measurements. Additionally, we aimed to develop a method for properly calibrating NRT pulsar observations conducted before November 2019. We conducted three series of observations of bright pulsars over wide declination ranges, in a special observation mode in which the feed horn rotates by $\sim$ 180$^\circ$ degrees across the observation, enabling us to determine the full polarimetric response of the NRT while modeling potential variations of calibration parameters with hour angle and declination. In addition, we used the METM technique to improve the calibration of pre-November 2019 data. From the analysis of the series of observations of bright pulsars with horn rotation, we found that the polarimetric response of the NRT does not appear to vary with hour angle or declination. On the other hand, the new METM-based calibration method appears to significantly improve the calibration of pre-November 2019 data. By analyzing NRT data on a selection of millisecond pulsars we found that the new polarimetric profiles are more homogeneous, they generally have larger signal-to-noise ratios, and found that the TOA data for these MSPs are more accurate and contain lower levels of noise, especially when combining the new calibration method with the \textit{Matrix Template Matching} (MTM) method for extracting TOAs from pulsar observations.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

A census of galactic spider binary millisecond pulsars with the Nançay Radio Telescope

Spider pulsars are systems in which a millisecond pulsar (MSP) tightly orbits (Pb $\lesssim$ 1 day) a low mass (mc $\lesssim$ 0.5 M$_\odot$) semi-degenerate star. Spider often display eclipses around superior conjunction. This eclipse phenomenon is currently poorly understood. We analyzed eclipses via pulsar timing. The eclipses were fit with a phenomenological model which gives a measurement of the duration and asymmetry of the eclipses. These parameters were then compared to other eclipse and system measurements to discuss the potential link between the presence of eclipses and orbital inclination, eclipsing systems being known to have higher mass functions than non-eclipsing ones. We present here a comprehensive review of the NRT NUPPI backend spider pulsars dataset. We also present the first review and systematic analysis of a large sample of eclipsers, monitored with the NRT over several years. The phenomenological fit allowed us to compare the eclipsers with each other, which led to the categorization of eclipsers depending on the shape of their eclipses. We present the polarimetric properties of the 19 spiders in the sample alongside their profiles, which were previously unpublished in some cases. For the eclipsing systems, we found evidence for a positive correlation between eclipse duration and mass function, as expected if more eclipsing material crosses the line-of-sight in higher inclination systems. For the entire sample, we found marginal evidence for increasing pulse profile width with decreasing mass function. We finally conducted a comprehensive literature review of the published inclination measurements for the pulsars in the sample and compared the inclinations to eclipse parameters. Nevertheless, the small number of available orbital inclination constraints, contradicting each other in some cases, hinders such searches for correlations

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2025

Explanation of the exceptionally strong timing noise of PSR J0337+1715 by a circum-ternary planet and consequences for gravity tests

Context: Timing of pulsar PSR J0337+1715 provides a unique opportunity to test the strong equivalence principle (SEP) with a strongly self-gravitating object. This is due to its unique situation in a triple stellar system with two white dwarfs. Aims: Our previous study suggested the presence of a strong low-frequency signal in the timing residuals. We set out to model it on a longer dataset in order to determine its nature and improve accuracy. Methods: Three models are considered: chromatic or achromatic red-noise, and a small planet in a hierarchical orbit with the triple stellar system. These models are implemented in our numerical timing model. We perform Bayesian inference of posterior distributions. Best fits are compared using information-theoretic criteria. Results: Chromatic red noise from dispersion-measure variations is ruled out. Achromatic red noise or a planet in keplerian orbit provide the best fits. If it is red noise then it appears exceptionally strong. Assuming the presence of a planet, we obtain a marginal detection of mutual interactions which allows us to constrain its mass to $\sim 0.5 M_{\rm Moon}$ as well as its inclination. The latter is intriguingly coincident with a Kozai resonance. We show that a longer observation span will ultimately lead to a clear signature of the planet model due to its mutual interactions with the triple system. We produce new limits on SEP violation: $|Δ| < 1.5\cdot 10^{-6}$ or $|Δ| < 2.3\cdot 10^{-6}$ at 95% confidence level under the planet or red-noise hypothesis, respectively. This model dependence emphasises the need for additional data and model selection. As a by-product, we estimate a rather low supernova kick velocity of $\sim 110-125 \rm km/s$, strengthening the idea that it is a necessary condition for the formation of pulsar triple systems.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

The MeerKAT Pulsar Timing Array: The first search for gravitational waves with the MeerKAT radio telescope

Pulsar Timing Arrays search for nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves by regularly observing ensembles of millisecond pulsars over many years to look for correlated timing residuals. Recently the first evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background has been presented by the major Arrays, with varying levels of significance ($\sim$2-4$σ$). In this paper we present the results of background searches with the MeerKAT Pulsar Timing Array. Although of limited duration (4.5 yr), the $\sim$ 250,000 arrival times with a median error of just $3 μ$s on 83 pulsars make it very sensitive to spatial correlations. Detection of a gravitational wave background requires careful modelling of noise processes to ensure that any correlations represent a fit to the underlying background and not other misspecified processes. Under different assumptions about noise processes we can produce either what appear to be compelling Hellings-Downs correlations of high significance (3-3.4$σ$) with a spectrum close to that which is predicted, or surprisingly, under slightly different assumptions, ones that are insignificant. This appears to be related to the fact that many of the highest precision MeerKAT Pulsar Timing Array pulsars are in close proximity and dominate the detection statistics. The sky-averaged characteristic strain amplitude of the correlated signal in our most significant model is $h_{c, {\rm yr}} = 7.5^{+0.8}_{-0.9} \times 10^{-15}$ measured at a spectral index of $α=-0.26$, decreasing to $h_{c, {\rm yr}} = 4.8^{+0.8}_{-0.9} \times 10^{-15}$ when assessed at the predicted $α=-2/3$. These data will be valuable as the International Pulsar Timing Array project explores the significance of gravitational wave detections and their dependence on the assumed noise models.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

The MeerKAT Pulsar Timing Array: The $4.5$-year data release and the noise and stochastic signals of the millisecond pulsar population

Pulsar timing arrays are ensembles of regularly observed millisecond pulsars timed to high precision. Each pulsar in an array could be affected by a suite of noise processes, most of which are astrophysically motivated. Analysing them carefully can be used to understand these physical processes. However, the primary purpose of these experiments is to detect signals that are common to all pulsars, in particular signals associated with a stochastic gravitational wave background. To detect this, it is paramount to appropriately characterise other signals that may otherwise impact array sensitivity or cause a spurious detection. Here we describe the second data release and first detailed noise analysis of the pulsars in the MeerKAT Pulsar Timing Array, comprising high-cadence and high-precision observations of $83$ millisecond pulsars over $4.5$ years. We use this analysis to search for a common signal in the data, finding a process with an amplitude of $\log_{10}\mathrm{A_{CURN}} = -14.25^{+0.21}_{-0.36}$ and spectral index $γ_\mathrm{CURN} = 3.60^{+1.31}_{-0.89}$. Fixing the spectral index at the value predicted for a background produced by the inspiral of binary supermassive black holes, we measure the amplitude to be $\log_{10}\mathrm{A_{CURN}} = -14.28^{+0.21}_{-0.21}$ at a significance expressed as a Bayes factor of $\ln(\mathcal{B}) = 4.46$. Under both assumptions, the amplitude that we recover is larger than those reported by other PTA experiments. We use the results of this analysis to forecast our sensitivity to a gravitational wave background possessing the spectral properties of the common signal we have measured.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

A NICER View of PSR J1231$-$1411: A Complex Case

Recent constraints on neutron star mass and radius have advanced our understanding of the equation of state (EOS) of cold dense matter. Some of them have been obtained by modeling the pulses of three millisecond X-ray pulsars observed by the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER). Here, we present a Bayesian parameter inference for a fourth pulsar, PSR J1231$-$1411, using the same technique with NICER and XMM-Newton data. When applying a broad mass-inclination prior from radio timing measurements and the emission region geometry model that can best explain the data, we find likely converged results only when using a limited radius prior. If limiting the radius to be consistent with the previous observational constraints and EOS analyses, we infer the radius to be $12.6 \pm 0.3$ km and the mass to be $1.04_{-0.03}^{+0.05}$ $M_\odot$, each reported as the posterior credible interval bounded by the $16\,\%$ and $84\,\%$ quantiles. If using an uninformative prior but limited between $10$ and $14$ km, we find otherwise similar results, but $R_{\mathrm{eq}} = 13.5_{-0.5}^{+0.3}$ km for the radius. In both cases, we find a nonantipodal hot region geometry where one emitting spot is at the equator or slightly above, surrounded by a large colder region, and where a noncircular hot region lies close to southern rotational pole. If using a wider radius prior, we only find solutions that fit the data significantly worse. We discuss the challenges in finding the better fitting solutions, possibly related to the weak interpulse feature in the pulse profile.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2024

Impact of the observation frequency coverage on the significance of a gravitational wave background detection in PTA data

Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) collaborations gather high-precision timing measurements of pulsars with the aim of detecting gravitational wave (GW) signals. A major challenge lies in the identification and characterization of the different sources of noise that may hamper their sensitivity to GWs. The presence of time-correlated noise that resembles the target signal might give rise to degeneracies that can directly impact the detection statistics. In this work, we focus on the covariance that exists between a "chromatic" dispersion measure (DM) noise and an "achromatic" stochastic gravitational wave background (GWB). "Chromatic" associated to the DM noise means that its amplitude depends on the frequency of the incoming pulsar photons measured by the radio-telescope. Several frequency channels are then required to accurately characterise its chromatic features and when the coverage of incoming frequency is poor, it becomes impossible to disentangle chromatic and achromatic noise contributions. In this paper, we explore this situation by injecting realistic GWB into 100 realizations of two mock versions of the second data release (DR2) of the European PTA (EPTA), characterized by different frequency coverage. The first dataset is a faithful copy of DR2, in which the first half of the data is dominated by only one frequency channel of observation; the second one is identical except for a more homogeneous frequency coverage across the full dataset. We show that for 91% of the injections, a better frequency coverage leads to an improved statistical significance (~1.3dex higher log Bayes factor on average) of the GWB and a better characterization of its properties. We propose a metric to quantify the degeneracy between DM and GWB parameters and show that it is correlated with a loss of significance for the recovered GWB and an increase in the GWB bias towards a higher and flatter spectral shape.

astro-ph.HE↗