arXiv subjects

Giulia Longo

Publications and source records attributed to Giulia Longo.

2 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2024

A first-principles thermodynamic model for the Ba$\unicode{x2013}$Zr$\unicode{x2013}$S system in equilibrium with sulfur vapour

The chalcogenide perovskite BaZrS$_3$ has strong visible light absorption and high chemical stability, is nontoxic, and is made from earth-abundant elements. As such, it is a promising candidate material for application in optoelectronic technologies. However the synthesis of BaZrS$_3$ thin-films for characterisation and device integration remains a challenge. Here we use density functional theory and lattice dynamics to calculate the vibrational properties of elemental, binary and ternary materials in the Ba-Zr-S system. This is used to build a thermodynamic model for the stability of BaZrS$_3$, BaS$_x$, and ZrS$_x$ in equilibrium with sulfur gas, across a range of temperatures and sulfur partial pressures. We highlight that reaction thermodynamics are highly sensitive to sulfur allotrope and the extent of allotrope mixing. We use our model to predict the synthesis conditions in which BaZrS$_3$ and the intermediate binary compounds can form. At a moderate temperature of 500 {\deg}C we find that BaS$_3$, associated with fast reaction kinetics, is stable at pressures above 3x10$^5$ Pa. We also find BaZrS$_3$ is stable against decomposition into sulfur-rich binaries up to at least 1x10$^7$ Pa. Our work provides insights into the chemistry of this promising material and suggests the experimental conditions required for the successful synthesis of BaZrS$_3$.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2022

High temperature equilibrium of 3D and 2D chalcogenide perovskites

Chalcogenide perovskites have been recently under the researchers spotlight as novel absorber materials for photovoltaic applications. BaZrS$_3$, the most investigated compound of this family, shows a high absorption coefficient, a bandgap of around 1.8 eV, and excellent environmental and thermal stability. In addition to the 3D perovskite BaZrS$_3$, the Ba-Zr-S compositional space contains various 2-D Ruddlesden-Popper phases Ba$_{x+1}$Zr$_x$S$_{3x+1}$ (with $x=$ 1, 2, 3) which have recently been reported. In this work it will be shown that at high temperature the Gibbs free energies of 3D and 2D perovskites are very close, suggesting that 2D phases can be easily formed at high temperatures. The analysis of the product of the BaS and ZrS$_2$ solid-state reaction, in different stoichiometric conditions, present a mixture of BaZrS$_3$ and Ba$_4$Zr$_3$S$_{10}$. To carefully resolve the composition, XRD, SEM and EDS analysis were complemented with Raman spectroscopy. For this purpose, the phonon modes, and the consequent Raman spectra, were calculated for the 3D and 2D chalcogenide perovskites, as well as for the binary precursors. This thorough characterization demonstrates the thermodynamic limitations and experimental difficulties in forming phase-pure chalcogenide perovskites through solid state synthesis, and the importance of using multiple techniques to soundly resolve the composition of these chalcogenide materials.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗