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Gopakumar Mohandas

Publications and source records attributed to Gopakumar Mohandas.

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20 Second Parity Lifetime in an InAs--Pb Tetron Device

A central promise of topological quantum computing is that increasing the excitation gap improves device performance significantly. Here, we experimentally validate this principle in an InAs--Pb tetron device via interferometric single-shot parity measurements. By replacing aluminum with the higher-gap superconductor lead in our superconductor-semiconductor hybrid devices, we have improved the robustness of our topological phase. In addition, to enable fast and precise bring-up at scale, we have developed an rf measurement technique that resolves low-energy wire-end states and directly measures their energy splitting with $μ\text{eV}$ precision. We employ this technique to bring up a device in a multi-tetron array and perform parity measurements of one of the tetron's hybrid nanowires (NWs). By controllably switching the wire parity, we observe $h/2e$-periodic bimodal shifts in the quantum capacitance of a quantum dot coupled to the hybrid nanowire in an interference loop. Further time-resolved measurements reveal a characteristic parity switching time of $\sim 20$ s with some instances reaching minute-scale. Such extremely long parity lifetimes are orders of magnitude longer than typical qubit operation times, which are on the order of $μ\text{s}$. Finally, we discuss potential implications for the fidelity of Pauli measurements.

cond-mat.mes-hall

Response to recent comments on Phys. Rev. B 107, 245423 (2023) and Subsection S4.3 of the Supp. Info. for Nature 638, 651-655 (2025)

The topological gap protocol (TGP) is a statistical test designed to identify a topological phase with high confidence and without human bias. It is used to determine a promising parameter regime for operating topological qubits. The protocol's key metric is the probability of incorrectly identifying a trivial region as topological, referred to as the false discovery rate (FDR). Two recent manuscripts [arXiv:2502.19560, arXiv:2503.08944] engage with the topological gap protocol and its use in Phys. Rev. B 107, 245423 (2023) and Subsection S4.3 of the Supplementary Information for Nature 638, 651-655 (2025), although they do not explicitly dispute the main results of either one. We demonstrate that the objections in arXiv:2502.19560 and arXiv:2503.08944 are unfounded, and we uphold the conclusions of Phys. Rev. B 107, 245423 (2023) and Nature 638, 651-655 (2025). Specifically, we show that no flaws have been identified in our estimate of the false discovery rate (FDR). We provide a point-by-point rebuttal of the comments in arXiv:2502.19560 and arXiv:2503.08944.

cond-mat.mes-hall

Interferometric Single-Shot Parity Measurement in an InAs-Al Hybrid Device

The fusion of non-Abelian anyons or topological defects is a fundamental operation in measurement-only topological quantum computation. In topological superconductors, this operation amounts to a determination of the shared fermion parity of Majorana zero modes. As a step towards this, we implement a single-shot interferometric measurement of fermion parity in indium arsenide-aluminum heterostructures with a gate-defined nanowire. The interferometer is formed by tunnel-coupling the proximitized nanowire to quantum dots. The nanowire causes a state-dependent shift of these quantum dots' quantum capacitance of up to 1 fF. Our quantum capacitance measurements show flux h/2e-periodic bimodality with a signal-to-noise ratio of 1 in 3.7 $μ$s at optimal flux values. From the time traces of the quantum capacitance measurements, we extract a dwell time in the two associated states that is longer than 1 ms at in-plane magnetic fields of approximately 2 T. These results are consistent with a measurement of the fermion parity encoded in a pair of Majorana zero modes that are separated by approximately 3 $μ$m and subjected to a low rate of poisoning by non-equilibrium quasiparticles. The large capacitance shift and long poisoning time enable a parity measurement error probability of 1%.

cond-mat.mes-hall

Dust segregation in Hall-dominated turbulent protoplanetary disks

Imaging of the dust continuum emitted from disks around nearby protostars reveals diverse substructure. In recent years, theoretical efforts have been intensified to investigate how far the intrinsic dynamics of protoplanetary disks (PPDs) can lead to such features. Turbulence in the realm of non-ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is one candidate for explaining the generation of zonal flows which can lead to local dust enhancements. Adopting a radially varying cylindrical disk model, and considering combinations of vertical and azimuthal initial net flux, we perform 3D non-ideal MHD simulations aimed at studying self-organization induced by the Hall effect in turbulent PPDs. To this end, new modules have been incorporated into the NIRVANA-III and FARGO3D MHD codes. We moreover include dust grains, treated in the fluid approximation, in order to study their evolution subject to the emerging zonal flows. In the regime of a dominant Hall effect, we robustly obtain large-scale organized concentrations in the vertical magnetic field that remain stable for hundreds of orbits. For disks with vertical initial net flux alone, we confirm the presence of zonal flows and vortices that introduce regions of super-Keplerian gas flow. Including a moderately strong net-azimuthal magnetic flux can significantly alter the dynamics, partially preventing the self-organization of zonal flows. For plasma beta-parameters smaller than 50, large-scale, near-axisymmetric structures develop in the vertical magnetic flux. In all cases, we demonstrate that the emerging features are capable of accumulating dust grains for a range of Stokes numbers.

astro-ph.EP

Analytical Models of Exoplanetary Atmospheres. V. Non-gray Thermal Structure with Coherent Scattering

We apply the picket fence treatment to model the effects brought about by spectral lines on the thermal structure of irradiated atmospheres. The lines may be due to purely absorption processes, purely coherent scattering processes or some combination of absorption and scattering. If the lines arise as a pure absorption process, the surface layers of the atmosphere are cooler whereas this surface cooling is completely absent if the lines are due to pure coherent isotropic scattering. The lines also lead to a warming of the deeper atmosphere. The warming of the deeper layers is, however, independent of the nature of line formation. Accounting for coherent isotropic scattering in the shortwave and longwave continuum results in anti-greenhouse cooling and greenhouse warming on an atmosphere-wide scale. The effects of coherent isotropic scattering in the line and continuum operate in tandem to determine the resulting thermal structure of the irradiated atmosphere.

astro-ph.EP

Orbital stability in static axisymmetric fields

We investigate the stability of test-particle equilibrium orbits in axisymmetric, but otherwise arbitrary, gravitational and electromagnetic fields. We extend previous studies of this problem to include a toroidal magnetic field. We find that, even though the toroidal magnetic field does not alter the location of the circular orbits, it enters the problem as a gyroscopic force with the potential to provide gyroscopic stability. This is in essence similar to the situation encountered in the reduced three-body problem where rotation enables stability around the local maxima of the effective potential. Nevertheless, we show that gyroscopic stabilization by a toroidal magnetic field is impossible for axisymmetric force fields in source-free regions because in this case the effective potential does not possess any local maxima. As an example of an axisymmetric force field with sources, we consider the classical problem of a rotating, aligned magnetosphere. By analyzing the dynamics of halo and equatorial particle orbits we conclude that axisymmetric toroidal fields that are antisymmetric about the equator are unable to provide gyroscopic stabilization. On the other hand, a toroidal magnetic field that does not vanish at the equator can provide gyroscopic stabilization for positively charged particles in prograde equatorial orbits.

astro-ph.SR

Spectral Analysis of Non-Ideal MRI Modes: The effect of Hall diffusion

The effect of magnetic field diffusion on the stability of accretion disks is a problem that has attracted considerable interest of late. In particular, the Hall effect has the potential to bring about remarkable changes in the dynamical behavior of disks that are without parallel. In this paper, we conduct a systematic examination of the linear eigenmodes in a weakly magnetized differentially rotating gas with special focus on Hall diffusion. We first develop a geometrical representation of the eigenmodes and provide a detailed quantitative description of the polarization properties of the oscillatory modes under the combined influence of the Coriolis and Hall effects. We also analyze the effects of magnetic diffusion on the structure of the unstable modes and derive analytical expressions for the kinetic and magnetic stresses and energy densities associated with the non-ideal MRI. Our analysis explicitly demonstrates that, if the dissipative effects are relatively weak, the kinetic stresses and energies make up the dominant contribution to the total stress and energy density when the equilibrium angular momentum and magnetic field vectors are anti-parallel. This is in sharp contrast to what is observed in the case of the ideal or dissipative MRI. We conduct shearing box simulations and find very good agreement with the results derived from linear analysis. As the modes in consideration are also exact solutions of the non-linear equations, the unconventional nature of the kinetic and magnetic stresses may have significant implications for the non-linear evolution in some regions of protoplanetary disks.

astro-ph.EP

On the axisymmetric stability of stratified and magnetized accretion disks

We conduct a comprehensive axisymmetric, local linear mode analysis of a stratified, differentially rotating disk permeated by a toroidal magnetic field which could provide significant pressure support. In the adiabatic limit, we derive a new stability criteria that differs from the one obtained for weak magnetic fields with a poloidal component and reduces continuously to the hydrodynamic Solberg-Høiland criteria. Three fundamental unstable modes are found in the locally isothermal limit. They comprise of overstable: (i) acoustic oscillations, (ii) radial epicyclic (acoustic-inertial) oscillations and (iii) vertical epicyclic (or vertical shear) oscillations. All three modes are present for finite ranges of cooling times but they are each quickly quenched past respective cut-off times. The acoustic and acoustic-inertial overstable modes are driven by the background temperature gradient. When vertical structure is excluded, we find that the radial epicyclic modes appear as a nearly degenerate pair. One of these is the aforementioned acoustic-inertial mode and the other has been previously identified in a slightly different guise as the convective overstability. Inclusion of vertical structure leads to the development of overstable oscillations destabilized by vertical shear but also has the effect of suppressing the radial epicyclic modes. Although our study does not explicitly account for non-ideal effects, we argue that it may still shed light into the dynamics of protoplanetary disk regions where a strong toroidal field generates as a result of the Hall-shear instability.

astro-ph.EP