Left Ehresmann monoids with a proper basis
Left Ehresmann monoids, and their two-sided counterpart of Ehresmann monoids, were so named by Lawson, who elucidated their connection to the work of Ehresmann in differential geometry. This article is dedicated to building a theory for left Ehresmann monoids inspired by that for inverse semigroups; in order to do so we must develop substantially different ideas and techniques. It is known that every left Ehresmann monoid has a cover, that is, a projection separating preimage, of the form $\mathcal{P}_{\ell}(T,X)$, where $\mathcal{P}_{\ell}(T,X)$ is a left Ehresmann monoid constructed from a monoid $T$ and an order-preserving action of $T$ on a semilattice $X$ with identity. We introduce the notion of a proper basis, and show that $\mathcal{P}_{\ell}(T,X)$, and consequently any free left Ehresmann monoid, possesses a proper basis. We show that any left Ehresmann monoid with a proper basis displays properties close to those of two-sided Ehresmann monoids. Next, we exhibit a class of subsemigroups $\mathcal{Q}_{\ell}(T,X,Y)$ (properly, biunary monoid subsemigroups) of the monoids $\mathcal{P}_{\ell}(T,X)$, which are also left Ehresmann with a proper basis. We prove that any left Ehresmann monoid with a proper basis is isomorphic to some $\mathcal{Q}_{\ell}(T,X,Y)$. Our results can be regarded as being analogous to those for proper inverse semigroups, due to McAlister and O'Carroll, the $\mathcal{Q}_{\ell}(T,X,Y)$ playing the role of the $P$-semigroups and the $\mathcal{P}_{\ell}(T,X)$ the role of the semidirect products of a semilattice by a group. In the process of proving our main theorems we present a globalisation result for an order-preserving partial action of a monoid on a partially ordered set or semilattice.