Nonuniform pressure helps structural superlubricity
Structural superlubricity, nearly vanishing friction between two structurally incommensurate crystalline surfaces, is a promising avenue for reducing friction in applications, but requires very specific and well-controlled conditions. One of those conditions is perfectly uniform atomically flat surfaces. Real-world surfaces are generally rough, leading to nonuniform pressure distributions. We investigate the effects of nonuniform pressure distributions on structural superlubricity, using analytical calculations for rigid contacts as a basis, and molecular-dynamics simulations for a simple model to include the crucial effects of elasticity. We show that a key ingredient is the vanishing pressure at the edge of the contact, and that this leads to improved scaling depinning and scaling behaviour, leading to lower friction. We thus show that nonuniform pressure distributions actually help structural superlubricity, rather than hinder it.