Where to Perform Channel Measurements for CKM Construction: A Random Field Theory Analysis
Channel knowledge map (CKM) is regarded as a promising technology for future sixth-generation (6G) networks, facilitating environmental-aware wireless communication, sensing, and localization. Research works on CKM construction can be classified as model-based methods and data-based approaches. Specifically, data-based CKM construction exploits the fundamental principle of spatial correlation to complete CKM based on limited measurement data, leading to the question of "where to perform channel measurements". In this paper, we study the spatial measurement strategy for efficient data-based CKM construction, and consider a specific type of CKM named channel gain map (CGM). The general objective is to select a subset of locations for channel measurements, so as to minimize the average mean-squared-error (AMSE) of the global CGM construction. In order to reduce the infinite measurement locations to a finite set, we discretize the underlying physical space into a finite number of cubic grid points, and formulate a combinatorial optimization problem to select measurement locations from them. In order to solve the proposed problem, we employ two representative algorithms, namely the greedy algorithm and the simulated annealing (SA), and discuss their respective advantages. To overcome the accuracy-complexity trade-off of traditional uniform discretization, we develop an adaptive discretization strategy from the viewpoint of Gaussian random field theory to minimize the information loss from the original continuous field to its approximated discrete representation in the mean-squared sense. Compared to uniform discretization, the proposed adaptive discretization strategy achieves a significant performance gain in terms of AMSE-reduction, establishing the theoretical framework of spatial measurement and providing practical guidance for implementation.