arXiv2026
The proper orientation number $\vec{\chi}(G)$ of an undirected graph $G$ is the minimum $k$ such that there exists an orientation of $G$ with all out-degrees at most $k$ and with different out-degrees for any two adjacent vertices. Chen, Mohar and Wu (JCTB, 2023) proved that if $G$ is a $r$-partite graph, then $\vec{\chi}(G) \leq \frac{1}{2} \text{Mad}(G)+r^{1+o(1)}$, where $\text{Mad}(G)$ is the maximum average degree of $G$. Moreover, if $G$ is a bipartite graph, then $ \vec{\chi}(G) \leq \lceil \frac{1}{2} \text{Mad}(G)\rceil +3$ and this bound is tight. They also asked whether $\vec{\chi}(G)-\lceil \frac{1}{2} \text{Mad}(G)\rceil$ can be bounded by a linear function of $r$. In this paper, we first construct somewhat involved $r$-partite graphs with $\vec{\chi}(G)\geq\lceil \frac{1}{2} \text{Mad}(G)\rceil +\lfloor\frac{5}{2}r\rfloor-2$, showing that a linear dependence on \(r\) is unavoidable. We also prove that $ \vec{\chi}(G) \leq\lceil \frac{1}{2} \text{Mad}(G)\rceil +7$ for every 3-partite graph $G$. This implies \(\vec{\chi}(G)\le 10\) for \(3\)-colorable planar graphs and \(\vec{\chi}(G)\le 9\) for outerplanar graphs, improving the corresponding bounds of Chen, Mohar, and Wu.